Nanomedicine is one of the growing fields that presents new techniques for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are considered as an important class of nanomaterials that possess superior physicochemical properties that make them valuable in medical applications. Unique optical properties of GNPs and their utility in photothermal and radiotherapy have extended a new platform for early detection and treatment of cancer, lately. Nanostructures based on GNPs are nontoxic and biocompatible with a large surface area that makes it possible to modify their surface with different chemicals including different polymers, antibodies, and even drug molecules. Therefore, they are utilized for targeted drug delivery in order to carry drugs and selectively release them in desired tissues which reduces destructive effects on healthy cells while it elevates the drug dose in cancerous ones. This review mainly covers the basic properties of GNPs, their synthesis methods, and focuses on surface modification of these nanoparticles and their diagnosis and therapeutic applications in cancer.

中文翻译：

---

金纳米颗粒在生物医学应用中的最新进展：最新技术。

纳米医学是提出癌症诊断和治疗新技术的新兴领域之一。金纳米颗粒（GNP）被认为是一类重要的纳米材料，它们具有出色的理化特性，使其在医学应用中具有重要价值。GNP的独特光学性质及其在光热和放射疗法中的实用性为近来癌症的早期检测和治疗扩展了新的平台。基于GNP的纳米结构无毒且具有大表面积生物相容性，这使得可以使用包括不同聚合物，抗体甚至药物分子在内的不同化学物质来修饰其表面。因此，它们被用于靶向药物递送，以携带药物并选择性地将它们释放到所需的组织中，从而减少了对健康细胞的破坏作用，同时增加了癌性药物的剂量。这篇综述主要涵盖了GNPs的基本特性，其合成方法，并着重于这些纳米颗粒的表面修饰及其在癌症中的诊断和治疗应用。