In order to meet future food demand while sustainably managing available land and water resources, irrigated agriculture in semi-arid regions needs to adapt as a response to climate and socio-economic change. In this study, we focus on the Mediterranean region, a dynamic region, which is highly dependent on irrigated agriculture. We provide insight on adaptation strategies implemented on farm level, by doing a systematic review of studies in the region. Our analysis reports 286 implemented adaptations, on 124 different locations throughout the Mediterranean. Additionally, 142 drivers and 324 effects of adaptations were noted. We identified 31 adaptation strategies in 5 main categories: (1) water management, (2) sustainable resource management, (3) technological developments, (4) farm production practices, and (5) farm management. Strategies in the categories water management and farm production practices are most often implemented by farmers in the region. The main driver in the area is water scarcity and adaptations often affected water use and resources in addition to farm practices. Subsequently, we studied the spatial context of adaptations by analyzing the location factors of the five main strategies, using Geographic Information Systems and maximum entropy modeling. Our results show that farmers are more likely to adapt in less rural areas with lower poverty values and better market access, and in areas with higher temperatures and less rainfall. This demonstrates that both biophysical and socio-economic factors determine the context in which adaptations are implemented and that considerable spatial variability in the area exists.

中文翻译：

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地中海地区灌溉农业的适应：已实施战略的概述和空间分析。

为了满足未来的粮食需求，同时可持续管理可用的土地和水资源，半干旱地区的灌溉农业需要适应气候和社会经济变化。在这项研究中，我们关注地中海地区，这是一个高度依赖灌溉农业的充满活力的地区。我们通过对该地区的研究进行系统回顾，提供有关农场一级实施的适应策略的见解。我们的分析报告说，在整个地中海地区的124个不同地点进行了286次实施的改编。此外，还记录了142个驱动因素和324个适应效果。我们在5个主要类别中确定了31种适应策略：（1）水资源管理，（2）可持续资源管理，（3）技术发展，（4）农场生产实践和（5）农场管理。该地区的农民最常执行水管理和农场生产做法类别的策略。该地区的主要动因是水资源短缺，适应性耕种除农场做法外还经常影响水的使用和资源。随后，我们通过使用地理信息系统和最大熵模型分析了五种主要策略的位置因素，研究了适应的空间环境。我们的结果表明，农民更容易适应贫困率较低，市场准入较好的较少农村地区以及温度较高和降雨较少的地区。这表明生物物理因素和社会经济因素都决定了实施适应措施的背景，并且该地区存在着很大的空间变异性。