Dysfunction of the antioxidant system or mutations in the gene may result in the elevated production of certain biomarkers. 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is one such promising biomarker of oxidative stress formed due to nitration of protein bound and free tyrosine residues. It has a significant potential to be exploited for the early diagnosis of diseases. There are a plethora of studies in which 3-NT has been utilized from the pharmacological perspective. However, there is a lack of studies in which the absolute concentration of 3-NT has been reported. Recent breakthrough technologies and modified analytical techniques have been reported to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of 3-NT detection. In this review, we have summarized the modifications to current analytical strategies and advancements in different approaches for 3-NT analysis. For the first time, pre-fabricated biosensors available for 3-NT have been reviewed in this article. A complete discussion on other advanced approaches such as capillary electrophoresis, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electron-vibration-vibration two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy for 3-NT analysis has been made. We have summarized the widest array of conventional and modern analytical techniques reported till date including the recent advancement in the field for the quantification of 3-NT in various types of biological samples.

中文翻译：

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生物基质中硝化氧化应激生物标记物3-硝基酪氨酸的分析定量研究进展。

抗氧化剂系统的功能障碍或基因突变可能导致某些生物标记物的产量升高。3-硝基酪氨酸（3-NT）是一种由于蛋白质结合和游离酪氨酸残基的硝化而形成的氧化应激的此类有前途的生物标记。它具有巨大的潜力可用于疾病的早期诊断。有许多研究从药理学角度利用了3-NT。然而，缺乏研究已经报道了3-NT的绝对浓度。据报道，最近的突破性技术和改进的分析技术可提高3-NT检测的选择性和灵敏度。在这篇综述中，我们总结了对当前分析策略的修改以及3-NT分析不同方法的进展。本文首次回顾了可用于3-NT的预制生物传感器。对用于3-NT分析的毛细管电泳，电子顺磁共振波谱和电子振动-振动二维红外光谱等其他高级方法进行了完整的讨论。我们已经总结了迄今为止报道的最广泛的常规和现代分析技术，包括在各种类型的生物样品中定量3-NT领域的最新进展。并建立了用于3-NT分析的电子振动-振动二维红外光谱。我们已经总结了迄今为止报道的最广泛的常规和现代分析技术，包括在各种类型的生物样品中定量3-NT领域的最新进展。并建立了用于3-NT分析的电子振动-振动二维红外光谱。我们已经总结了迄今为止报道的最广泛的常规和现代分析技术，包括在各种类型的生物样品中定量3-NT领域的最新进展。