Nanoparticle-based systems offer fascinating possibilities for biomedicine, but their translation into clinics is slow. Missing sterile, reproducible, and scalable methods for their synthesis along with challenges in characterization and poor colloidal stability of nanoparticles in body fluids are key obstacles. Flame aerosol technology gives proven access to scalable synthesis of nanoparticles with diverse compositions and architectures. Although highly promising in terms of product reproducibility and sterility, this technology is frequently overlooked, as its products are of fractal-like aggregated and/or agglomerated morphology. However, coagulation is a widely occurring phenomenon in all kinds of particle-based systems. In particular, protein-rich body fluids encountered in biomedical settings often lead to destabilization of colloidal nanoparticle suspensions in vivo. We aim to provide insights into how particle-particle interactions can be measured and controlled. Moreover, we show how particle coupling effects driven by coagulation may even be beneficial for certain sensing, therapeutic, and bioimaging applications.

中文翻译：

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用于生物医学的纳米颗粒：在合成和应用过程中的凝结。

基于纳米颗粒的系统为生物医学提供了引人入胜的可能性，但是将其转换为临床应用的速度很慢。缺少无菌，可再现和可扩展的合成方法，以及体液中纳米颗粒的表征和较差的胶体稳定性方面的挑战是关键障碍。火焰气溶胶技术使人们能够获得具有多种成分和结构的纳米颗粒的可扩展合成方法。尽管就产品的可重复性和无菌性而言，该技术很有前途，但由于其产品具有分形的聚集和/或团聚形态，因此经常被人们忽略。但是，凝结是在各种基于粒子的系统中广泛发生的现象。特别是，在生物医学环境中遇到的富含蛋白质的体液通常会导致体内胶体纳米颗粒悬浮液的不稳定。我们旨在提供有关如何测量和控制颗粒间相互作用的见解。此外，我们展示了由凝结驱动的颗粒耦合效应甚至可能对某些感测，治疗和生物成像应用都有益。