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Epidemiology of invasive bacterial infections in pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-vaccinated and -unvaccinated children under 5 years of age in Soweto, South Africa: a cohort study from a high-HIV burden setting.
Paediatrics and International Child Health ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-06-03 , DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2019.1623572
Siobhan L Johnstone 1, 2 , David P Moore 3 , Keith P Klugman 1, 2 , Shabir A Madhi 1, 2 , Michelle J Groome 1, 2
Affiliation  

Background: There are limited data on paediatric invasive bacterial infections (IBI) and the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) on the spectrum of IBI pathogens, specifically in African countries with a high prevalence of HIV infection.Aim: To describe the epidemiology of IBI in a cohort of children <5 years of age in Soweto, South Africa.Methods: A cohort of children enrolled into a PCV9 efficacy trial conducted from 1998 until 2005 was used for secondary data analysis. Surveillance data were collected from admission wards at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital. The incidence of IBI was calculated using person-time, stratified by age group, gender, PCV9 vaccination status and HIV infection status. Risk factors for IBI were investigated using binomial logistic regression.Results: A total of 395 cases of laboratory-confirmed IBI were identified. HIV infection and not receiving PCV9 vaccination were risk factors for IBI hospitalisation. PCV9 vaccination was associated with reductions in IBI hospitalisation (IRR 0.76, p = 0.006) solely owing to reductions in the incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (IRR 0.56, p < 0.001). PCV9 vaccination had no effect on the incidence of Haemophilus influenza type b or Salmonella species IBI. There was an increase in Klebsiella species IBI (IRR 3.50, p = 0.019) and a trend towards a higher incidence of Staphylococcus aureus IBI (IRR 1.90, p = 0.099) in PCV9-vaccinated children.Conclusions: PCV9 vaccination was effective in reducing the incidence of IBI hospitalisation in children through reductions in the incidence of S. pneumoniae. The results show that trends in other IBI causative pathogens (specifically S. aureus and Klebsiella species) should be monitored in the era of PCV vaccination.Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; Hib, Haemophilus influenza type b; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HIV+PCV-, HIV-infected, placebo-vaccinated group; HIV+PCV+, HIV-infected, PCV9-vaccinated group; HIV-PCV-, HIV-uninfected, placebo-vaccinated group; HIV+PCV+, HIV-infected, PCV9-vaccinated group; IBI, invasive bacterial infection; IPD, invasive pneumococcal disease; IRR, incidence rate ratio; IQR, interquartile range; OR, odds ratio; PCV, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PCV7, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PCV9, 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PY, person-years; RCT, randomised control trial.

中文翻译:

南非Soweto的5岁以下肺炎球菌结合疫苗接种疫苗和未接种疫苗的儿童中侵袭性细菌感染的流行病学:一项来自高HIV负担人群的队列研究。

背景:关于儿​​科侵袭性细菌感染(IBI)和肺炎球菌结合疫苗(PCV)对IBI病原体谱的影响的数据有限,特别是在HIV感染率很高的非洲国家中。目的:描述艾滋病的流行病学方法:从1998年至2005年进行的一项PCV9功效试验中纳入的一组儿童,对南非Soweto中5岁以下儿童的IBI方法进行二次数据分析。监测数据是从克里斯·哈尼·巴拉格纳特学术医院的入院病房收集的。IBI的发生率是按人次计算的,按年龄,性别,PCV9疫苗接种状况和HIV感染状况进行分层。使用二项式Logistic回归调查了IBI的危险因素。总共鉴定了395例实验室确认的IBI病例。HIV感染和未接受PCV9疫苗接种是IBI住院的危险因素。PCV9疫苗接种与IBI住院减少有关(IRR 0.76,p = 0.006),完全是由于肺炎链球菌的发生率降低(IRR 0.56,p <0.001)。PCV9疫苗接种对b型流感嗜血杆菌或沙门氏菌IBI的发生率没有影响。在接种PCV9的儿童中,克雷伯菌属IBI有所增加(IRR 3.50,p = 0.019),金黄色葡萄球菌IBI发生率呈上升趋势(IRR 1.90,p = 0.099)。通过降低肺炎链球菌的发病率,使儿童的IBI住院率下降。结果表明,在PCV疫苗接种时代,应监测其他IBI致病性病原体(特别是金黄色葡萄球菌和克雷伯菌)的趋势。CI,置信区间;Hib,b型流感嗜血杆菌;艾滋病毒,人类免疫缺陷病毒;HIV + PCV-,HIV感染,安慰剂接种组;HIV + PCV +,HIV感染,PCV9疫苗接种组;HIV-PCV,未感染HIV的安慰剂疫苗接种组;HIV + PCV +,HIV感染,PCV9疫苗接种组;IBI,侵入性细菌感染;IPD,侵袭性肺炎球菌病;内部收益率,发生率比;IQR,四分位间距;或,优势比;PCV,肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV7,7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV9,9价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PY,人年;RCT,随机对照试验。在PCV疫苗接种时代应监测金黄色葡萄球菌和克雷伯菌属。)缩写:ART,抗逆转录病毒疗法;CI,置信区间;Hib,b型流感嗜血杆菌;艾滋病毒,人类免疫缺陷病毒;HIV + PCV-,HIV感染,安慰剂接种组;HIV + PCV +,HIV感染,PCV9疫苗接种组;HIV-PCV,未感染HIV的安慰剂疫苗接种组;HIV + PCV +,HIV感染,PCV9疫苗接种组;IBI,侵入性细菌感染;IPD,侵袭性肺炎球菌病;内部收益率,发生率比;IQR,四分位间距;或,优势比;PCV,肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV7,7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV9,9价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PY,人年;RCT,随机对照试验。在PCV疫苗接种时代应监测金黄色葡萄球菌和克雷伯菌属。)缩写:ART,抗逆转录病毒疗法;CI,置信区间;Hib,b型流感嗜血杆菌;艾滋病毒,人类免疫缺陷病毒;HIV + PCV-,HIV感染,安慰剂接种组;HIV + PCV +,HIV感染,PCV9疫苗接种组;HIV-PCV,未感染HIV的安慰剂疫苗接种组;HIV + PCV +,HIV感染,PCV9疫苗接种组;IBI,侵入性细菌感染;IPD,侵袭性肺炎球菌病;内部收益率,发生率比;IQR,四分位间距;或,优势比;PCV,肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV7,7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV9,9价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PY,人年;RCT,随机对照试验。置信区间 Hib,b型流感嗜血杆菌;艾滋病毒,人类免疫缺陷病毒;HIV + PCV-,HIV感染,安慰剂接种组;HIV + PCV +,HIV感染,PCV9疫苗接种组;HIV-PCV,未感染HIV的安慰剂疫苗接种组;HIV + PCV +,HIV感染,PCV9疫苗接种组;IBI,侵入性细菌感染;IPD,侵袭性肺炎球菌病;内部收益率,发生率比;IQR,四分位间距;或,优势比;PCV,肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV7,7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV9,9价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PY,人年;RCT,随机对照试验。置信区间 Hib,b型流感嗜血杆菌;艾滋病毒,人类免疫缺陷病毒;HIV + PCV-,HIV感染,安慰剂接种组;HIV + PCV +,HIV感染,PCV9疫苗接种组;HIV-PCV,未感染HIV的安慰剂疫苗接种组;HIV + PCV +,HIV感染,PCV9疫苗接种组;IBI,侵入性细菌感染;IPD,侵袭性肺炎球菌病;内部收益率,发生率比;IQR,四分位间距;或,优势比;PCV,肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV7,7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV9,9价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PY,人年;RCT,随机对照试验。PCV9疫苗接种组;IBI,侵入性细菌感染;IPD,侵袭性肺炎球菌病;内部收益率,发生率比;IQR,四分位间距;或,优势比;PCV,肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV7,7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV9,9价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PY,人年;RCT,随机对照试验。PCV9疫苗接种组;IBI,侵入性细菌感染;IPD,侵袭性肺炎球菌病;内部收益率,发生率比;IQR,四分位间距;或,优势比;PCV,肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV7,7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PCV9,9价肺炎球菌结合疫苗;PY,人年;RCT,随机对照试验。
更新日期:2020-04-23
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