Advances in both top-down and bottom-up syntheses of a wide variety of complex colloidal building blocks and also in methods of controlling their assembly in solution have led to new and interesting forms of highly controlled soft matter. In particular, top-down lithographic methods of producing monodisperse colloids now provide precise human-designed control over their sub-particle features, opening up a wide range of new possibilities for assembly structures that had been previously limited by the range of shapes available through bottom-up methods. Moreover, an increasing level of control over anisotropic interactions between these colloidal building blocks, which can be tailored through local geometries of sub-particle features as well as site-specific surface modifications, is giving rise to new demonstrations of massively parallel off-chip self-assembly of specific target structures with low defect rates. In particular, new experimental realizations of hierarchical self-assembly and control over the chiral purity of resulting assembly structures have been achieved. Increasingly, shape-dependent, shape-complementary, and roughness-controlled depletion attractions between non-spherical colloids are being used in novel ways to create assemblies that go far beyond early examples, such as fractal clusters formed by diffusion-limited and reaction-limited aggregation of spheres. As self-assembly methods have progressed, a wide variety of advanced directed assembly methods have also been developed; approaches based on microfluidic control and applying structured electromagnetic fields are particularly promising.

中文翻译：

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胶体颗粒在溶液中的组装

各种复杂胶体构件的自上而下和自下而上的合成以及控制它们在溶液中的组装的方法的进步已经导致了高度受控的软物质的新的和有趣的形式。特别是，生产单分散胶体的自上而下的光刻方法现在提供对其亚粒子特征的精确人工设计控制，为组装结构开辟了广泛的新可能性，这些结构以前受到底部可用形状范围的限制-up 方法。此外，对这些胶体构件之间各向异性相互作用的控制水平越来越高，这可以通过亚粒子特征的局部几何形状以及特定于位点的表面改性来定制，正在引起具有低缺陷率的特定目标结构的大规模并行片外自组装的新演示。特别是，已经实现了分层自组装和控制所得组装结构手性纯度的新实验实现。越来越多地，非球形胶体之间的形状相关、形状互补和粗糙度控制的耗尽吸引力正以新的方式被用于创建远远超出早期例子的组件，例如由扩散限制和反应限制形成的分形簇球体的聚合。随着自组装方法的进步，各种先进的定向组装方法也被开发出来；基于微流体控制和应用结构化电磁场的方法特别有前途。