CO2 enters the biosphere via the slow, oxygen-sensitive carboxylase, Rubisco. To compensate, most microalgae saturate Rubisco with its substrate gas through a carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism. This strategy frequently involves compartmentalization of the enzyme in the pyrenoid, a non-membrane enclosed compartment of the chloroplast stroma. Recently, tremendous advances have been achieved concerning the structure, physical properties, composition and in vitro reconstitution of the pyrenoid matrix from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The discovery of the intrinsically disordered multivalent Rubisco linker protein EPYC1 provided a biochemical framework to explain the subsequent finding that the pyrenoid resembles a liquid droplet in vivo. Reconstitution of the corresponding liquid-liquid phase separation using pure Rubisco and EPYC1 allowed a detailed characterization of this process. Finally, a large high-quality dataset of pyrenoidal protein-protein interactions inclusive of spatial information provides ample substrate for rapid further functional dissection of the pyrenoid. Integrating and extending recent advances will inform synthetic biology efforts towards enhancing plant photosynthesis as well as contribute a versatile model towards experimentally dissecting the biochemistry of enzyme-containing membraneless organelles.

中文翻译：

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固定CO2的液滴：解剖微藻类类胡萝卜素。

CO2通过缓慢的，对氧敏感的羧化酶Rubisco进入生物圈。为了补偿，大多数微藻通过二氧化碳浓缩机制使Rubisco及其底物气体饱和。该策略经常涉及将酶间隔开在类胡萝卜素中，类胡萝卜素是叶绿体基质的非膜封闭腔室。近来，关于绿藻衣藻衣藻类胡萝卜素基质的结构，物理性质，组成和体外重构方面已经取得了巨大的进步。本质上无序的多价Rubisco接头蛋白EPYC1的发现提供了一个生化框架，以解释随后的发现，类胡萝卜素在体内类似于液滴。使用纯Rubisco和EPYC1重构相应的液-液相分离，可以对该过程进行详细描述。最后，包括空间信息在内的大量类人猿蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的高质量数据集为类人猿的进一步快速功能解剖提供了充足的基础。整合和扩展最近的进展将为合成生物学在增强植物光合作用方面的努力提供信息，并为通过实验剖析含酶的无膜细胞器的生化贡献多功能模型。