A phylogeny of the mosquito subfamily Anophelinae was inferred from fragments of two protein-coding nuclear genes, G6pd (462 bp) and white (801 bp), and from a combined data set (2,136 bp) that included a portion of the mitochondrial gene ND5 and the D2 region of the ribosomal 28S gene. Sixteen species from all three anopheline genera and six Anopheles subgenera were sampled, along with six species of other mosquitoes used as an outgroup. Each of four genes analyzed individually recovered the same well-supported clades; topological incongruence was limited to unsupported or poorly supported nodes. As assessed by the incongruence length difference test, most of the conflicting signal was contributed by third codon positions. Strong structural constraints, as observed in white and G6pd, apparently had little impact on phylogenetic inference. Compared with the other genes, white provided a superior source of phylogenetic information. However, white appears to have experienced accelerated rates of evolution in few lineages, the affinities of which are therefore suspect. In combined analyses, most of the inferred relationship were well-supported and in agreement with previous studies: monophyly of Anophelinae, basal position of Chagasia, monophyly of Anopheles subgenera, and subgenera Nyssorhynchus + Kerteszia as sister taxa. The results suggested also monophyletic origin of subgenera Cellia + Anopheles, and the white gene analysis supported genus Bironella as a sister taxon to Anopheles. The present data and other available evidence suggest a South American origin of Anophelinae, probably in the Mesozoic; a rapid diversification of Bironella and basal subgeneric lineages of Anopheles, potentially associated with the breakup of Gondwanaland; and a relatively recent and rapid dispersion of subgenus Anopheles.

中文翻译：

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加强对按蚊（Diptera，葫芦科）系统发育的理解：核单拷贝基因的见解和证据的分量。

从两个蛋白编码核基因G6pd（462 bp）和白色（801 bp）的片段以及包括一部分线粒体基因ND5的组合数据集（2,136 bp）推断出蚊子按蚊亚科的系统发育核糖体28S基因的D2区。从全部三个按蚊属和六个按蚊亚属中取样了十六种，以及其他六种蚊子作为外群。分别分析的四个基因中的每一个都恢复了相同的，有良好支持的进化枝。拓扑不一致仅限于不受支持或受支持差的节点。通过不一致长度差异测试评估，大多数冲突信号是由第三个密码子位置引起的。在白色和G6pd中观察到的强结构约束显然对系统发育推断没有什么影响。与其他基因相比，白色提供了丰富的系统发育信息来源。但是，白人似乎在少数血统中经历了加速的进化，因此人们对其亲和力有所怀疑。在综合分析中，大多数推断的关系得到了充分的支持，并且与以前的研究一致：按蚊的单亲属，Chagasia的基础位置，按蚊的亚属的单亲属和Nyssorhynchus + Kerteszia的亚属作为姊妹类群。结果表明，亚属Cellia +按蚊属的单系起源，白色基因分析支持Bironella属作为按蚊的姊妹分类群。目前的数据和其他现有证据表明，按蚊属起源于南美，可能是中生代的。Bironella和按蚊基础亚属的快速多样化，可能与冈瓦纳大陆解体有关；以及相对较近和快速的按蚊亚属扩散。