ABSTRACT Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) is produced extensively in modern technologies. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that ELF-EMF has both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the immune system response. This review was conducted on effects of ELF-EMF on cytokines of innate and adaptive immunity. Mechanisms of ELF-EMF, which may modulate immune cell responses, were also studied. Physical and biological parameters of ELF-EMF can interact with each other to create beneficial or harmful effect on the immune cell responses by interfering with the inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. According to the studies, it is supposed that short-term (2-24 h/d up to a week) exposure of ELF-EMF with strong density may increase innate immune response due to an increase of innate immunity cytokines. Furthermore, long-term (2-24 h/d up to 8 years) exposure to low-density ELF-EMF may cause a decrease in adaptive immune response, especially in Th1 subset.

中文翻译：

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极低频电磁场（ELF-EMF）对先天免疫和适应性免疫细胞因子影响的综述

摘要 极低频电磁场 (ELF-EMF) 在现代技术中广泛产生。大量体外和体内研究表明，ELF-EMF 对免疫系统反应具有刺激和抑制作用。本综述是关于 ELF-EMF 对先天免疫和适应性免疫细胞因子的影响。还研究了可能调节免疫细胞反应的 ELF-EMF 的机制。ELF-EMF 的物理和生物参数可以相互作用，通过干扰炎症或抗炎细胞因子，对免疫细胞反应产生有益或有害的影响。根据研究，假设短期（2-24 h/d 长达一周）暴露于高密度 ELF-EMF 可能会由于先天免疫细胞因子的增加而增加先天免疫反应。此外，