ABSTRACT The correlation between shape and concentration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), their cytotoxicity and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has been investigated. In addition, the bio-effects caused by the combination of EMFs and graphene nanoparticles (GrNPs) have been also assessed. The AgNPs of three shapes (triangular, spherical and colloidal) and GrNPs were added in high concentrations to the culture of human fibroblasts and exposed to EMF of three different frequencies: 900, 2400 and 7500 MHz. The results demonstrated the dependence of the EMF-induced cytotoxicity on the shape and concentration of AgNPs. The maximal cell killing effect was observed at 900 MHz frequency for NPs of all shapes and concentrations. The highest temperature elevation was observed for GrNPs solution irradiated by EMF of 900 MHz frequency. The exposure to EMF led to significant increase of ROS formation in triangular and colloidal AgNPs solutions. However, no impact of EMF on ROS production was detected for spherical AgNPs. GrNPs demonstrated ROS-protective activity that was dependent on their concentration. Our findings indicate the feasibility to control cytotoxicity of AgNPs by means of EMFs. The effect EMF on the biological activity of AgNPs and GrNPs is reported here for the first time.

中文翻译：

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电磁场对银和石墨烯纳米粒子体外毒性的影响

摘要已经研究了银纳米粒子 (AgNPs) 的形状和浓度、它们的细胞毒性和在电磁场 (EMF) 存在下形成活性氧 (ROS) 之间的相关性。此外，还评估了由 EMF 和石墨烯纳米粒子 (GrNPs) 组合引起的生物效应。将三种形状（三角形、球形和胶体）的 AgNPs 和 GrNPs 以高浓度添加到人类成纤维细胞的培养物中，并暴露于三种不同频率的 EMF：900、2400 和 7500 MHz。结果表明 EMF 诱导的细胞毒性对 AgNPs 的形状和浓度的依赖性。对于所有形状和浓度的 NP，在 900 MHz 频率下观察到最大的细胞杀伤效果。在 900 MHz 频率的 EMF 照射下，观察到 GrNPs 溶液的最高温度升高。暴露于 EMF 导致三角形和胶体 AgNPs 溶液中 ROS 的形成显着增加。然而，对于球形 AgNP，没有检测到 EMF 对 ROS 产生的影响。GrNPs 表现出 ROS 保护活性，这取决于它们的浓度。我们的研究结果表明通过 EMF 控制 AgNPs 细胞毒性的可行性。本文首次报道了 EMF 对 AgNPs 和 GrNPs 生物活性的影响。GrNPs 表现出 ROS 保护活性，这取决于它们的浓度。我们的研究结果表明通过 EMF 控制 AgNPs 细胞毒性的可行性。本文首次报道了 EMF 对 AgNPs 和 GrNPs 生物活性的影响。GrNPs 表现出 ROS 保护活性，这取决于它们的浓度。我们的研究结果表明通过 EMF 控制 AgNPs 细胞毒性的可行性。本文首次报道了 EMF 对 AgNPs 和 GrNPs 生物活性的影响。