Despite the large diffusion of natural organic substances in art-historical materials, their characterization presents many challenges due to the chemical complexity and instability with respect to degradation processes. Among natural products, proteins have been largely used in the past as binders but also as adhesives or additives in coating layers. Nevertheless, biological identification of proteins in art-historical objects is one of the most recent achievements obtained in heritage science thanks to the development of specifically tailored bio-analytical strategies. In the context of this active emerging discipline, immunological methods stand out for sensitivity, specificity and versatility for both protein recognition and localization in micro-samples. Furthermore, the growing use of immunological techniques for advanced diagnostics and clinical applications ensures continuous improvement in their analytical performance. Considering such, this review provides an overview of the most recent applications of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence microscopy techniques in the field of heritage materials. Specifically, the main strengths and potentials of the two techniques as well as their limits and drawbacks are presented and discussed herein.

中文翻译：

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应用于艺术史材料的免疫化学方法：通过ELISA和IFM鉴定和定位蛋白质。

尽管天然有机物质在艺术史材料中的扩散很大，但是由于化学复杂性和降解过程的不稳定性，它们的表征仍然提出了许多挑战。在天然产物中，蛋白质在过去已广泛用作粘合剂，也可用作涂层中的粘合剂或添加剂。尽管如此，由于开发了专门定制的生物分析策略，对艺术史物品中蛋白质的生物学鉴定是遗产科学领域的最新成就之一。在这一活跃的新兴学科的背景下，免疫学方法对于蛋白质识别和微样品定位的敏感性，特异性和多功能性脱颖而出。此外，免疫学技术在高级诊断和临床应用中的日益普及，确保了其分析性能的不断提高。考虑到这一点，本综述概述了酶联免疫吸附测定和免疫荧光显微镜技术在传统材料领域的最新应用。具体而言，本文介绍并讨论了这两种技术的主要优点和潜力以及它们的局限和缺点。