The understanding of manganese (Mn) biology, in particular its cellular regulation and role in neurological disease, is an area of expanding interest. Mn is an essential micronutrient that is required for the activity of a diverse set of enzymatic proteins (e.g., arginase and glutamine synthase). Although necessary for life, Mn is toxic in excess. Thus, maintaining appropriate levels of intracellular Mn is critical. Unlike other essential metals, cell-level homeostatic mechanisms of Mn have not been identified. In this review, we discuss common forms of Mn exposure, absorption, and transport via regulated uptake/exchange at the gut and blood-brain barrier and via biliary excretion. We present the current understanding of cellular uptake and efflux as well as subcellular storage and transport of Mn. In addition, we highlight the Mn-dependent and Mn-responsive pathways implicated in the growing evidence of its role in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. We conclude with suggestions for future focuses of Mn health-related research.

中文翻译：

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锰对于神经元健康至关重要。


对锰（Mn）生物学的理解，特别是其细胞调节和在神经系统疾病中的作用，是一个人们日益感兴趣的领域。锰是一种必需的微量营养素，是多种酶蛋白（例如精氨酸酶和谷氨酰胺合酶）活性所必需的。尽管锰是生命所必需的，但过量时会产生毒性。因此，维持适当的细胞内锰水平至关重要。与其他必需金属不同，锰的细胞水平稳态机制尚未确定。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了锰暴露、吸收和转运的常见形式，通过肠道和血脑屏障的调节摄取/交换以及通过胆汁排泄。我们介绍了目前对锰的细胞摄取和流出以及亚细胞储存和运输的理解。此外，我们强调了锰依赖性和锰反应途径，越来越多的证据表明锰在帕金森病和亨廷顿病中的作用。最后，我们对锰健康相关研究的未来重点提出了建议。