Heroin abuse is a serious problem that endangers human health and affects social stability. Though often being used as confirmation of heroin use, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) has limitations due to its short detection window. To compare the detection windows of heroin metabolites (morphine (MOR), 6-MAM, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G)) in human urine, an automated online solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and fully validated. The limits of detections (LODs) of the four metabolites were in the range of 1.25-5 ng/mL. Intra and inter-day precision for all the metabolites was 0.4-6.7% and 1.8-7.3%, respectively. Accuracy ranged from 92.9 to 101.7%. This method was then applied to the analysis of urine samples of 20 male heroin abusers. M3G was detected 9-11 days after admission to the drug rehabilitation institute in 40% of heroin users while MOR or M6G was not always detected. The detection window of M3G was thus the longest. Furthermore, M3G had a much higher concentration than MOR and M6G. Therefore, M3G could provide diagnostic information with regard to heroin exposure in the combination with other clues (e.g., heroin seizures at the scene).

中文翻译：

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使用在线SPE和LC-MS / MS检测人类尿液中海洛因代谢物检测窗口的比较：吗啡3-葡萄糖醛酸的重要性。

滥用海洛因是一个严重的问题，危及人类健康并影响社会稳定。尽管通常被用作确认海洛因使用的方法，但6-单乙酰吗啡（6-MAM）的检测窗口短，因此存在局限性。为了比较人尿中海洛因代谢物（吗啡（MOR），6-MAM，吗啡3-葡糖醛酸（M3G）和吗啡-6-葡糖醛酸（M6G））的检测窗口，自动在线固相萃取（SPE）和液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS / MS）已开发并得到充分验证。四种代谢物的检出限（LOD）在1.25-5 ng / mL范围内。所有代谢物的日内和日间精确度分别为0.4-6.7％和1.8-7.3％。准确性从92.9到101.7％。然后将该方法用于分析20名男性海洛因滥用者的尿液样本。40％的海洛因使用者入药康复研究所后9-11天检测到M3G，但并非始终检测到MOR或M6G。因此，M3G的检测窗口最长。此外，M3G的浓度比MOR和M6G高得多。因此，M3G可以结合其他线索（例如，现场缉获的海洛因）提供有关海洛因暴露的诊断信息。