Copper is a metal ion that is required as a micronutrient for growth and proliferation. However, copper accumulation generates toxicity by multiple mechanisms, potentially leading to cell death. Due to its toxic nature at high concentrations, different chemical variants of copper have been extensively used as antifungal agents in agriculture and medicine. Most studies on copper homeostasis have been carried out in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian organisms. However, knowledge on filamentous fungi is less well documented. This review summarizes the knowledge gathered in the last few years about copper homeostasis in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus nidulans: The mechanism of action of copper, the uptake and detoxification systems, their regulation at the transcriptional level, and the role of copper homeostasis in fungal pathogenicity are presented.

中文翻译：

---

丝状真菌中铜稳态的新见解。

铜是一种金属离子，是生长和增殖所需的微量营养素。然而，铜的积累通过多种机制产生毒性，可能导致细胞死亡。由于其在高浓度下的毒性，铜的不同化学变体已广泛用作农业和医学中的抗真菌剂。关于铜稳态的大多数研究已在细菌，酵母和哺乳动物有机体中进行。但是，关于丝状真菌的知识文献较少。这篇综述总结了近年来收集的有关丝状真菌烟曲霉和构巢曲霉中铜稳态的知识。：介绍了铜的作用机理，吸收和解毒系统，它们在转录水平上的调控以及铜稳态在真菌致病性中的作用。