THE condition of xanthism or yellowness, accompanied by a generalised defective development of melanin pigment, is well known among fishes of many families. The "golden tench" (Tinca tinca) and the golden orfe (Idus idus) are familiar examples of such races among the Cyprinid, and the common goldfish Carassius auratus offers an interesting case of the genetically controlled progressive destruction of melanophores during the life of the individual which has been investigated by Goodrich and others. Similar aberrations of melanin development and distribution are familiar among various small freshwater Teleosts commonly kept as aquarium fishes, such as the Cichlid Pterophyllum eimekei, and the Cyprinid Brachydanio albolineatus. In these the genetics of the melanin deficiency does not seem to have been well worked out. In the Cyprinodont genus Oiyzias, however, careful and extensive work has shown that the genes for melanin production, as well as those for other pigments of body colouration, constitute a series of Mendelian recessives alleic to the wild type (Goodrich, 1933). Among the viviparous Cyprinodontes deficiencies in melanin pigmentation have long been familiar and can be readily analysed genetically. Xanthism has been found in aquarium-bred races of Heterandria fornwsa, Platypoecilus maculatus and variatus, Xiphophorus hellerii, and Lebistes reticulatus, and may well be discovered in related genera not yet as extensively examined. It has been studied exhaustively in Platypoecilus and Xiphophorus by Gordon and others to whom we have given the later references and in Lebistes by Goodrich, Haskins and Druzba, and others. The genetic characters involving the loss of melanin pigment in these fishes have been found to behave as Mendelian single-factor recessives allelic to the wild-type and to be located in the autosomes. Albinism, involving a substantial or total loss of melanin in body pigmentation and a complete or nearly complete absence of melanin in the eye, has been less often observed among Teleost fish, although it is by no means a rare occurrence. It is well known in the trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and strains largely devoid of melanin have been maintained by hatcheries for a number of years. In the Paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis) albinism has been shown to behave as a single-factor Mendelian autosomal recessive, as would be expected on

中文翻译：

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白化病，Lebistes reticulatus 的一种半致死性常染色体突变

黄化或发黄的情况，伴随着黑色素的普遍发育缺陷，在许多科的鱼类中是众所周知的。“金丁鱼”（Tinca tinca）和金鱼（Idus idus）是鲤科鱼类中此类种族的常见例子，而常见的金鱼 Carassius auratus 提供了一个有趣的案例，说明在鲤鱼的一生中，黑素细胞受到基因控制的渐进性破坏。古德里奇等人调查过的个人。类似的黑色素发育和分布异常在通常作为水族馆鱼类饲养的各种小型淡水硬骨鱼中很常见，例如 Cichlid Pterophyllum eimekei 和 Cyprinid Brachydanio albolineatus。在这些中，黑色素缺乏的遗传学似乎没有得到很好的解决。然而，在 Cyprinodont 属 Oiyzias 中，仔细和广泛的工作表明，黑色素产生的基因以及其他体色色素的基因构成了一系列与野生型等位基因的孟德尔隐性基因（Goodrich，1933）。在胎生的 Cyprinodontes 中，黑色素色素沉着的缺陷早已为人所熟悉，并且可以很容易地进行遗传分析。在水族馆培育的 Heterandria fornwsa、Platypoecilus maculatus 和 variatus、Xipophorus hellerii 和 Lebistes reticulatus 中发现了黄化现象，并且很可能在尚未经过广泛研究的相关属中发现。Gordon 和我们后来参考的其他人在 Platypoecilus 和 Xiphophorus 中以及 Goodrich、Haskins 和 Druzba 等人在 Lebistes 中对它进行了详尽的研究。已发现这些鱼类中涉及黑色素损失的遗传特征表现为孟德尔单因子隐性基因，与野生型等位基因相同，并且位于常染色体中。白化病涉及身体色素沉着中黑色素的大量或完全丧失以及眼睛中完全或几乎完全没有黑色素，在硬骨鱼中较少观察到，尽管这绝不是罕见的发生。它在鳟鱼 (Salvelinus fontinalis) 中广为人知，并且孵化场已将大部分不含黑色素的品系保存多年。在天堂鱼（Macropodus opercularis）中，白化病已被证明表现为单因素孟德尔常染色体隐性遗传，正如预期的那样 涉及身体色素沉着中黑色素的大量或完全丧失以及眼睛中完全或几乎完全没有黑色素，在硬骨鱼中较少观察到，尽管这绝不是罕见的发生。它在鳟鱼 (Salvelinus fontinalis) 中广为人知，并且孵化场已将大部分不含黑色素的品系保存多年。在天堂鱼（Macropodus opercularis）中，白化病已被证明表现为单因素孟德尔常染色体隐性遗传，正如预期的那样 涉及身体色素沉着中黑色素的大量或完全丧失以及眼睛中完全或几乎完全没有黑色素，在硬骨鱼中较少观察到，尽管这绝不是罕见的发生。它在鳟鱼 (Salvelinus fontinalis) 中广为人知，并且孵化场已将大部分不含黑色素的品系保存多年。在天堂鱼（Macropodus opercularis）中，白化病已被证明表现为单因素孟德尔常染色体隐性遗传，正如预期的那样