The “German Darwin” Ernst Haeckel was influential not only in Germany, but in non-German-speaking countries as well. Due to the widespread use of German as a language of science in the Russian Empire along with growing Russian–German links in various scientific fields, Haeckel directly and indirectly influenced Russian intellectual landscape. The objective of the present paper is to investigate Haeckel’s impact on Russian biology before the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. We outline the transfer of Haeckelian ideas to Russia and its adaptation to a national research tradition. Haeckel’s ideas influenced the most crucial Russian evolutionists such as brothers Alexander and Vladimir Kovalevsky, Ilya (Elias) Metschnikoff, Mikhail Menzbier (Menzbir), Karl Kessler, Andrei Famintzyn, and Konstantin Mereschkowsky. At the same time, Haeckel’s speculative hypotheses and his attempts to convert Darwinism into a universal worldview by promoting monism found little support in biological circles of Russia. Russian biology grew as an empirical science having weak connections to “romantic philosophy” as German biology did. This, among others, explains the acceptance of Haeckel as a biologist and the rejection of Haeckel as a philosopher by crucial Russian evolutionists.

中文翻译：

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海克尔在革命前的俄国的接受及其对进化论的影响。

“德国达尔文”恩斯特·海克尔（Ernst Haeckel）不仅在德国而且在非德语国家都具有影响力。由于在俄罗斯帝国广泛使用德语作为科学语言，并且在各个科学领域中俄德语之间的联系日益紧密，海克尔直接或间接地影响了俄罗斯的知识领域。本文的目的是研究1917年布尔什维克革命之前海克尔对俄国生物学的影响。我们概述了海克尔思想向俄罗斯的转移及其对国家研究传统的适应。海克尔的思想影响了最重要的俄罗斯进化论者，例如亚历山大和弗拉基米尔·科瓦列夫斯基兄弟，伊利亚·埃里亚斯·梅施尼克诺夫，米哈伊尔·门兹比尔（梅因比尔），卡尔·凯斯勒，安德烈·法明齐恩和康斯坦丁·梅里施科夫斯基。与此同时，Haeckel的推测性假设以及他通过提倡一元论将达尔文主义转变为普遍世界观的尝试在俄罗斯的生物界获得了很少的支持。俄罗斯生物学作为一门经验科学而发展，与德国生物学一样，它与“浪漫主义哲学”的联系也很薄弱。除其他外，这解释了重要的俄国进化论者接受了海克尔作为生物学家和拒绝了海克尔作为哲学家。