When Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya separated from each other, a great deal of evolution had taken place. Only then did extensive diversity arise. The bacteria split off with the new property that they had a sacculus that protected them from their own turgor pressure. The saccular wall of murein (or peptidoglycan) was an effective solution to the osmotic pressure problem, but it then was a target for other life-forms, which created lysoymes and beta-lactams. The beta-lactams, with their four-member strained rings, are effective agents in nature and became the first antibiotic in human medicine. But that is by no means the end of the story. Over evolutionary time, bacteria challenged by beta-lactams evolved countermeasures such as beta-lactamases, and the producing organisms evolved variant beta-lactams. The biology of both classes became evident as the pharmaceutical industry isolated, modified, and produced new chemotherapeutic agents and as the properties of beta-lactams and beta-lactamases were examined by molecular techniques. This review attempts to fit the wall biology of current microbes and their clinical context into the way organisms developed on this planet as well as the changes arising since the work done by Fleming. It also outlines the scientific advances in our understanding of this broad area of biology.

中文翻译：

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细菌壁作为攻击目标：过去，现在和将来的研究。

当细菌，古细菌和Eucarya彼此分离时，发生了许多进化。直到那时，才出现了广泛的多样性。细菌具有新特性，即它们具有一个可以保护其免受自身胀大压力的球囊的新特性。murein（或肽聚糖）的囊壁是解决渗透压问题的有效方法，但后来成为其他生命形式的靶标，产生了溶菌酶和β-内酰胺。具有四元应变环的β-内酰胺是自然界中的有效药物，已成为人类医学中的第一种抗生素。但这绝不是故事的结局。在进化过程中，受到β-内酰胺攻击的细菌进化出了诸如β-内酰胺酶之类的对策，而产生生物的生物则进化出了β-内酰胺变体。随着制药行业分离，改良和生产新的化学治疗剂，以及通过分子技术检查β-内酰胺和β-内酰胺酶的性质，这两类生物学都变得显而易见。这篇综述试图使当前微生物的壁生物学及其临床背景适合于地球上生物体的发育方式以及弗莱明所做工作以来产生的变化。它还概述了我们对这一广泛的生物学领域的理解方面的科学进展。这篇综述试图使当前微生物的壁生物学及其临床背景适合于地球上生物体的发育方式以及弗莱明所做工作以来产生的变化。它还概述了我们对这一广泛的生物学领域的理解方面的科学进展。这篇综述试图使当前微生物的壁生物学及其临床背景适合于地球上生物体的发育方式以及弗莱明所做工作以来产生的变化。它还概述了我们对这一广泛的生物学领域的理解方面的科学进展。