After replanting apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on the same site severe growth suppressions, and a decline in yield and fruit quality are observed in all apple producing areas worldwide. The causes of this complex phenomenon, called apple replant disease (ARD), are only poorly understood up to now which is in part due to inconsistencies in terms and methodologies. Therefore we suggest the following definition for ARD: ARD describes a harmfully disturbed physiological and morphological reaction of apple plants to soils that faced alterations in their (micro-) biome due to the previous apple cultures. The underlying interactions likely have multiple causes that extend beyond common analytical tools in microbial ecology. They are influenced by soil properties, faunal vectors, and trophic cascades, with genotype-specific effects on plant secondary metabolism, particularly phytoalexin biosynthesis. Yet, emerging tools allow to unravel the soil and rhizosphere (micro-) biome, to characterize alterations of habitat quality, and to decipher the plant reactions. Thereby, deep insights into the reactions taking place at the root rhizosphere interface will be gained. Counteractions are suggested, taking into account that culture management should emphasize on improving soil microbial and faunal diversity as well as habitat quality rather than focus on soil disinfection.

中文翻译：

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苹果再植病害：原因和缓解策略。

在同一地点重新种植苹果 (Malus domestica Borkh.) 后，严重的生长抑制，并且在全球所有苹果产区都观察到产量和果实质量下降。这种称为苹果补种病 (ARD) 的复杂现象的原因，到目前为止人们还知之甚少，部分原因是术语和方法的不一致。因此，我们建议对 ARD 进行以下定义： ARD 描述了苹果植物对土壤的有害干扰的生理和形态学反应，由于之前的苹果栽培，其（微生物）生物群落面临着变化。潜在的相互作用可能有多种原因，超出了微生物生态学中常见的分析工具。它们受土壤特性、动物媒介和营养级联的影响，对植物次生代谢，特别是植物抗毒素的生物合成具有基因型特异性影响。然而，新兴工具允许解开土壤和根际（微）生物群落，表征栖息地质量的变化，并破译植物反应。因此，将获得对根际根际界面发生的反应的深入了解。考虑到养殖管理应强调改善土壤微生物和动物多样性以及栖息地质量，而不是侧重于土壤消毒，建议采取相应措施。将获得对在根际根际界面发生的反应的深入了解。考虑到养殖管理应强调改善土壤微生物和动物多样性以及栖息地质量，而不是侧重于土壤消毒，建议采取相应措施。将获得对在根际根际界面发生的反应的深入了解。考虑到养殖管理应强调改善土壤微生物和动物多样性以及栖息地质量，而不是侧重于土壤消毒，建议采取相应措施。