Aspergillus fumigatus is a worldwide-distributed saprophytic fungus and the major cause of invasive aspergillosis. This fungus can produce two types of melanin—dihydroxynaphthalene melanin (DHN-melanin) and pyomelanin. These pigments are considered important resistance mechanisms to stress, as well as virulence factors. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge of the genetic basis and metabolic pathways of melanin production, their activation, function, and interaction with the host immune system. The DHN-melanin pathway is encoded in a cluster that includes six genes (abr1, abr2, ayg1, arp1, arp2, and pksP/alb1 genes) whose encoded proteins seem to be the origin of the pigment in endosomes. These vesicles are secreted and the pigment is subsequently located in the wall of the conidium beneath the rodlet layer. Unlike DHN-melanin, pyomelanin does not have its own biosynthetic pathway but is related to the activation of the l-tyrosine/l-phenylalanine degradation pathway that includes a cluster of six genes (hppD, hmgX, hmgA, fahA, maiA, and hmgR). Its production is due to the polymerization of homogentisic acid and is linked to conidial germination. Despite the knowledge gained in recent years, further studies will be necessary to confirm the pathways that produce these pigments and their role in the virulence mechanisms of A. fumigatus.

中文翻译：

---

烟曲霉中的黑色素和pyomelanin：从其遗传学到宿主相互作用。

烟曲霉是分布在世界各地的腐生真菌，是侵袭性曲霉病的主要原因。这种真菌可产生两种类型的黑色素-二羟基萘黑色素（DHN-黑色素）和脓疱素。这些颜料被认为是重要的抗压力机制以及毒力因子。这篇综述的目的是介绍有关黑色素产生的遗传基础和代谢途径，它们的活化，功能以及与宿主免疫系统相互作用的当前知识。DHN-黑色素途径在包含六个基因的簇中编码（abr1，abr2，ayg1，arp1，arp2和pksP / alb1基因），其编码的蛋白质似乎是内体中色素的起源。这些囊泡被分泌，色素随后位于子粒层下方的分生孢子壁中。与DHN-黑色素不同，pyomelanin不具有其自身的生物合成途径，但与包括六个基因（hppD，hmgX，hmgA，fahA，maiA和hmgR）的l-酪氨酸/ l-苯丙氨酸降解途径的激活有关。）。它的产生归因于高纯酸的聚合，并且与分生孢子萌发有关。尽管近年来获得了很多知识，但仍需要进一步的研究来确认产生这些色素的途径及其在A毒理机制中的作用。曲霉。