BackgroundThe emphasis on impact factors and the quantity of publications intensifies competition between researchers. This competition was traditionally considered an incentive to produce high-quality work, but there are unwanted side-effects of this competition like publication pressure. To measure the effect of publication pressure on researchers, the Publication Pressure Questionnaire (PPQ) was developed. Upon using the PPQ, some issues came to light that motivated a revision.MethodWe constructed two new subscales based on work stress models using the facet method. We administered the revised PPQ (PPQr) to a convenience sample together with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ). To assess which items best measured publication pressure, we carried out a principal component analysis (PCA). Reliability was sufficient when Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7. Finally, we administered the PPQr in a larger, independent sample of researchers to check the reliability of the revised version.ResultsThree components were identified as ‘stress’, ‘attitude’, and ‘resources’. We selected 3 × 6 = 18 items with high loadings in the three-component solution. Based on the convenience sample, Cronbach’s alphas were 0.83 for stress, 0.80 for attitude, and 0.76 for resources. We checked the validity of the PPQr by inspecting the correlations with the MBI and the WDQ. Stress correlated 0.62 with MBI’s emotional exhaustion. Resources correlated 0.50 with relevant WDQ subscales. To assess the internal structure of the PPQr in the independent reliability sample, we conducted the principal component analysis. The three-component solution explains 50% of the variance. Cronbach’s alphas were 0.80, 0.78, and 0.75 for stress, attitude, and resources, respectively.ConclusionWe conclude that the PPQr is a valid and reliable instrument to measure publication pressure in academic researchers from all disciplinary fields. The PPQr strongly relates to burnout and could also be beneficial for policy makers and research institutions to assess the degree of publication pressure in their institute.

中文翻译：

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个人感知的出版压力：使用工作压力模型修改出版压力问卷（PPQ）

背景对影响因子和论文数量的重视加剧了研究人员之间的竞争。这种竞争传统上被认为是产生高质量作品的一种激励，但这种竞争也有一些副作用，比如出版压力。为了衡量发表压力对研究人员的影响，开发了发表压力问卷 (PPQ)。在使用 PPQ 后，一些问题浮出水面，促使我们进行了修订。方法我们使用 facet 方法基于工作压力模型构建了两个新的子量表。我们将修订后的 PPQ (PPQr) 与 Maslach 倦怠量表 (MBI) 和工作设计问卷 (WDQ) 一起用于方便样本。为了评估哪些项目最能衡量出版压力，我们进行了主成分分析 (PCA)。当 Cronbach 的 alpha > 0.7 时，可靠性就足够了。最后，我们在更大的、独立的研究人员样本中管理 PPQr，以检查修订版本的可靠性。结果三个组成部分被确定为“压力”、“态度”和“资源”。我们在三组分解决方案中选择了 3 × 6 = 18 个具有高负载的项目。基于便利样本，Cronbach 的 alphas 为压力 0.83，态度 0.80，资源 0.76。我们通过检查与 MBI 和 WDQ 的相关性来检查 PPQr 的有效性。压力与 MBI 的情绪衰竭相关为 0.62。资源与相关的 WDQ 分量表相关为 0.50。为了评估独立可靠性样本中 PPQr 的内部结构，我们进行了主成分分析。三分量解解释了 50% 的方差。压力、态度和资源的 Cronbach α 系数分别为 0.80、0.78 和 0.75。结论我们得出结论，PPQr 是衡量所有学科领域学术研究人员发表压力的有效且可靠的工具。PPQr 与职业倦怠密切相关，也有利于政策制定者和研究机构评估其机构的出版压力程度。