BACKGROUND Dexterous tool use is considered to be underpinned by model-based control relying on acquired internal models of tools. In particular, this is the case in situations where available sensory feedback regarding the consequences of tool use is restricted. In the present study, we conducted an fMRI study to identify cerebellar involvement in model-based estimation of tool-use consequences using tracking tasks with different levels of visual feedback. METHODS Twenty healthy right-handed adults participated in this study. These participants tracked a moving target on a screen with a cursor controlled by a joystick using their right hand during fMRI scanning. For each trial, the level of visual feedback for cursor position was randomly selected from three task conditions, namely, Precise, Obscure, and No conditions. RESULTS A conjunction analysis across all task conditions found extensive activation of the right cerebellum, covering the anterior lobe (lobule V) and inferior posterior lobe (lobule VIII). Also, contrasts among the three task conditions revealed additional significant activation of the left superior posterior lobe (Crus I) in the No compared to the Precise condition. Furthermore, a post hoc psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed conditional modulation of functional coupling between the right, but not the left, cerebellar region and right frontoparietal regions that are involved in self-body perception. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the left Crus I is the only region that was more active in a condition where no visual feedback for cursor position was available. This suggests that the left Crus I region plays a role in model-based estimation of tool-use consequences based on an acquired internal model of tools.

中文翻译：

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小脑激活与基于模型的工具使用后果估计相关。

背景技术灵巧的工具的使用被认为是基于依赖于所获取的工具的内部模型的基于模型的控制的基础。尤其是在有关工具使用后果的可用感官反馈受到限制的情况下就是这种情况。在本研究中，我们进行了一项功能磁共振成像研究，以通过使用具有不同级别的视觉反馈的跟踪任务来识别基于模型的工具使用后果评估中的小脑参与。方法20名健康的右撇子成年人参加了这项研究。这些参与者在fMRI扫描期间使用他们的右手用操纵杆控制的光标在屏幕上跟踪了移动的目标。对于每个试验，从三个任务条件（精确，模糊和无条件）中随机选择光标位置的视觉反馈级别。结果在所有任务条件下的联合分析发现右小脑广泛激活，覆盖前叶（小叶V）和下后叶（小叶VIII）。此外，三种工作条件之间的对比显示，与“精确”条件相比，“否”条件下左上后叶（Crus I）具有更多的显着激活。此外，事后的心理生理相互作用分析揭示了参与自我感知的右侧（而非左侧）小脑区和右侧额顶区之间的功能耦合的条件调制。结论我们的数据表明，在没有可用光标位置视觉反馈的情况下，左Crus I是唯一更活跃的区域。