There is surprisingly little information on adaptive responses of pests and disease vectors to climatic stresses even though the short generation times and large population sizes associated with pests make rapid adaptation likely. Most evidence of adaptive differentiation has been obtained from geographic comparisons and these can directly or indirectly indicate rates of adaptation where historical data on invasions are available. There is very little information on adaptive shifts in pests detected through molecular comparisons even though the genomes of many pests are now available and can help to identify markers underlying adaptation. While the limited evidence available points to frequent rapid adaptation that can affect pest and disease vector control, constraints to adaptation are also evident and a predictive framework around the likelihood and limits of rapid adaptation is required.

令人惊讶的是，关于害虫和病媒对气候胁迫的适应性反应的信息很少，尽管与害虫相关的短世代时间和大量种群使得快速适应成为可能。适应性分化的大多数证据是从地理比较中获得的，这些证据可以直接或间接地表明在可获得有关入侵历史数据的情况下的适应率。通过分子比较发现的关于有害生物适应性变化的信息很少，即使现在有许多有害生物的基因组都可以使用，并且可以帮助确定适应性标记。尽管有限的证据表明频繁的快速适应可能会影响病虫害媒介的控制，