Gene flow via immigration affects rate of evolution of resistance to a pest management tactic, while emigration from a resistant population can spread resistance alleles spatially. Whether resistance detected across the landscape reflects ongoing de novo evolution in different hotspots or spread from a single focal population can determine the most effective mitigation strategy. Pest dispersal dynamics determine the spatio-temporal scale at which mitigation tactics must be applied to contain or reverse resistance in an area. Independent evolution of resistance in different populations appears common but not universal. Conversely, spatial spread appears to be almost inevitable. However, rate and scale of spread depends largely on dispersal dynamics and interplay with factors such as fitness costs, spatially variable selection pressure and whether resistance alleles are spreading through an established population or being carried by populations colonizing new territory.

通过迁移的基因流影响对有害生物管理策略的抗性进化速率，而从抗性种群迁移可在空间上传播抗性等位基因。在整个景观中检测到的阻力是否反映了从头开始在不同热点地区演化或从单个重点人群中扩散可以确定最有效的缓解策略。害虫传播动力学决定了时空尺度，在该时空尺度上必须采取缓解策略以遏制或逆转某个地区的抵抗力。在不同人群中抗性的独立进化似乎很普遍，但并不普遍。相反，空间扩散似乎是不可避免的。但是，传播的速度和规模在很大程度上取决于传播动态以及与诸如适应性成本，空间可变选择压力以及抗性等位基因是在既定人群中传播还是由殖民新领土的人群携带等因素相互作用。