A significant portion of the scientific effort has been devoted to the detection of endotoxins in pharmaceutical solutions, as they pose major health threats as contaminants even in minute amounts. Conventional methods based on the biological response of endotoxins have been well-established, but as technology advances, many limitations surfaced in the recent years. As a result, information obtained by chemical analytical methods becomes valuable in crossvalidating these results. In addition to providing an overview on the main strategies for detecting the presence of endotoxins, the biological methods are compared with the chemical techniques. The review also investigates future advances aimed toward a more accurate, reliable, and convenient endotoxin test.

中文翻译：

---

内毒素的检测：从推断生物宿主的反应到脂多糖的直接化学分析。

科学努力的很大一部分致力于检测药物溶液中的内毒素，因为它们即使作为微量污染物也对健康构成重大威胁。基于内毒素生物反应的常规方法已被广泛确立，但是随着技术的进步，近年来出现了许多限制。结果，通过化学分析方法获得的信息在交叉验证这些结果方面变得很有价值。除了概述检测内毒素存在的主要策略外，还将生物学方法与化学技术进行了比较。该评论还调查了旨在更准确，可靠和方便地进行内毒素测试的未来进展。