Despite the accumulated knowledge on antisocial behavior and the positive event-related potential peaking around 300 ms (P3), less is known about the preceding negative electrophysiological response around 200 ms (N2). A systematic search of the literature was conducted to analyze the N2 modulation across the antisocial spectrum. Thirty-seven studies (n = 1199) were retrieved to the quantitative analysis. Reduced N2 amplitudes were found in the more severe antisocial manifestations (violent behavior and antisocial personality disorder), which is consistent with previous findings on P3 alterations and N2 reduced amplitudes in externalizing disorders. Findings on psychopathy were mixed, also in accordance with previous P3 results. From a dimensional lens, this supports the heterogeneity of the psychopathic personality structure: impulsivity features are a closer attribute of antisocial behavior and thus may be associated with N2 reduction, while adaptive psychopathic traits may be associated with intact (or even increased) N2 amplitude. The increased N2 amplitudes observed in impulsive behavior challenge, however, the previous meta-analytic findings. As most of the studies on impulsivity include subclinical samples, it leads to the hypothesis that some compensatory mechanisms can still occur at a subclinical level, reflecting the need for heightened allocation of brain resources to yield similar performances. Importantly, inhibition was the core deficit to explain N2 blunted amplitudes, alongside with deficits in the frontal brain region. From our findings, the reduction in P3 amplitude across the antisocial spectrum may be detected in the previous N2 time window.

中文翻译：

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跨反社会频谱的 N2 幅度调制：荟萃分析

尽管积累了关于反社会行为的知识和积极事件相关电位在 300 毫秒 (P3) 左右达到峰值，但对之前在 200 毫秒 (N2) 左右的负电生理反应知之甚少。对文献进行了系统搜索，以分析反社会光谱中的 N2 调制。检索到 37 项研究 (n = 1199) 进行定量分析。在更严重的反社会表现（暴力行为和反社会人格障碍）中发现 N2 振幅降低，这与先前关于 P3 改变和 N2 在外化障碍中降低振幅的发现一致。关于精神病的结果好坏参半，也与之前的 P3 结果一致。从维度的角度来看，这支持了精神病人格结构的异质性：冲动性特征是反社会行为的更接近的属性，因此可能与 N2 减少有关，而适应性精神病特征可能与完整（甚至增加）的 N2 幅度有关。然而，在冲动行为挑战中观察到的 N2 振幅增加，这是先前的荟萃分析结果。由于大多数关于冲动性的研究都包括亚临床样本，它导致了一些补偿机制仍然可以在亚临床水平上发生的假设，这反映出需要加强大脑资源的分配以产生类似的表现。重要的是，抑制是解释 N2 减弱幅度的核心缺陷，以及额脑区域的缺陷。根据我们的研究结果，可以在之前的 N2 时间窗口中检测到 P3 幅度在反社会谱中的降低。