Dogs are second only to humans in medical surveillance and preventative health care, leading to a recent perception of increased cancer incidence. Scientific priorities in veterinary oncology have thus shifted, with a demand for cancer genetic screens, better diagnostics, and more effective therapies. Most dog breeds came into existence within the last 300 years, and many are derived from small numbers of founders. Each has undergone strong artificial selection, in which dog fanciers selected for many traits, including body size, fur type, color, skull shape, and behavior, to create novel breeds. The adoption of the breed barrier rule-no dog may become a registered member of a breed unless both its dam and its sire are registered members-ensures a relatively closed genetic pool within each breed. As a result, there is strong phenotypic homogeneity within breeds but extraordinary phenotypic variation between breeds. One consequence of this is the high level of breed-associated genetic disease. We and others have taken advantage of this to identify genes for a large number of canine maladies for which mouse models do not exist, particularly with regard to cancer.

中文翻译：

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犬癌基因组学：犬和人类健康的经验教训。

在医疗监视和预防保健方面，狗仅次于人类，导致最近对癌症发病率增加的认识。因此，兽医肿瘤学的科学重点已经转移，需要进行癌症基因筛查，更好的诊断方法和更有效的疗法。大多数犬种是在最近300年内诞生的，其中许多是从少数创始人那里衍生而来的。每个犬种都经过了强烈的人工选择，其中，犬迷们会选择许多特征（包括体型，皮毛类型，颜色，头骨形状和行为）来创造新品种。采用繁殖障碍规则-除非其母犬和其父亲均为注册成员，否则任何狗都不得成为该品种的注册成员-确保每个品种内的遗传库相对封闭。结果是，品种之间的表型同质性很强，但品种之间的表型差异却很大。其结果之一是高水平的与品种有关的遗传疾病。我们和其他人已利用此优势来鉴定许多不存在小鼠模型的犬病的基因，尤其是在癌症方面。