Exosomes are natural nanoparticles that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. Communication is achieved through the transfer of cargos, such as microRNAs, from donor to recipient cells and binding of exosomes to cell surface receptors. Exosomes and their cargos are also obtained from dietary sources, such as milk. Exosome and cell glycoproteins are crucial for intestinal uptake. A large fraction of milk exosomes accumulates in the brain, whereas the tissue distribution of microRNA cargos varies among distinct species of microRNA. The fraction of milk exosomes that escapes absorption elicits changes in microbial communities in the gut. Dietary depletion of exosomes and their cargos causes a loss of circulating microRNAs and elicits phenotypes such as loss of cognitive performance, increase in purine metabolites, loss of fecundity, and changes in the immune response. Milk exosomes meet the definition of bioactive food compounds.

中文翻译：

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牛奶衍生的外来体和代谢调节。

外来体是天然的纳米粒子，在细胞间的通讯中起着重要的作用。通过将货物（例如microRNA）从供体细胞转移到受体细胞以及外来体与细胞表面受体的结合来实现交流。外泌体及其货物也可从饮食来源获得，例如牛奶。外泌体和细胞糖蛋白对于肠道摄取至关重要。很大一部分牛奶外泌体聚集在大脑中，而microRNA货物的组织分布在不同的microRNA物种之间有所不同。乳外泌体无法吸收的部分引起肠道中微生物群落的变化。饮食中外泌体及其货物的消耗会导致循环microRNA丢失，并引发表型，例如认知能力下降，嘌呤代谢产物增加，生殖力下降，并改变免疫反应。牛奶外泌体符合生物活性食品化合物的定义。