Prenatal exposure to excess steroids or steroid mimics can disrupt the normal developmental trajectory of organ systems, culminating in adult disease. The metabolic system is particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of prenatal steroid excess. Studies in sheep demonstrate that prenatal exposure to excess native steroids or endocrine-disrupting chemicals with steroidogenic activity, such as bisphenol A, results in postnatal development of numerous cardiometabolic perturbations, including insulin resistance, increased adiposity, altered adipocyte size and distribution, and hypertension. The similarities in the phenotypic outcomes programmed by these different prenatal insults suggest that common mechanisms may be involved, and these may include hormonal imbalances (e.g., hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia), oxidative stress, inflammation, lipotoxicity, and epigenetic alterations. Animal models, including the sheep, provide mechanistic insight into the metabolic repercussions associated with prenatal steroid exposure and represent valuable research tools in understanding human health and disease. Focusing on the sheep model, this review summarizes the cardiometabolic perturbations programmed by prenatal exposure to different native steroids and steroid mimics and discusses the potential mechanisms underlying the development of adverse outcomes.

中文翻译：

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产前类固醇和代谢功能障碍：绵羊的教训。

产前暴露于过量的类固醇或类固醇模拟物会破坏器官系统的正常发育轨迹，最终导致成人疾病。代谢系统特别容易受到产前类固醇过量的有害影响。在绵羊中进行的研究表明，产前暴露于过量的天然类固醇或具有类固醇生成活性的破坏内分泌的化学物质（例如双酚A）会导致产后出现许多心脏代谢紊乱，包括胰岛素抵抗，肥胖症增加，脂肪细胞大小和分布改变以及高血压。这些不同的产前侮辱在表型结果上的相似性表明，可能涉及共同的机制，其中可能包括激素失衡（例如，雄激素过多和胰岛素过多），氧化应激，炎症，脂毒性和表观遗传改变。包括绵羊在内的动物模型提供了与产前类固醇暴露相关的代谢影响的机制性见解，并代表了了解人类健康和疾病的宝贵研究工具。本文以绵羊模型为重点，总结了产前暴露于不同的天然类固醇和类固醇模拟物引起的心脏代谢紊乱，并讨论了不良结局发展的潜在机制。