Assessment of mangrove ecosystem services (ES) is essential to understand and manage the contribution of these ecosystems to the well-being of local communities. They are the primary beneficiaries but their experience, knowledge, and information are frequently ignored in ES assessment and mapping. In this study, a participatory resource mapping (PRM) approach was applied using local knowledge and experience to analyze geo-referenced information on mangrove ecosystem services. Local communities were involved from the beginning in method selection, application, evaluation, and verification. This “inclusive participatory ES mapping” was conducted in two villages (Bedono and Timbulsloko, Central Java, Indonesia) from 2014 to 2015. Participants representing different community elements were involved in the mapping process. They first created a historical map of the situation in their villages roughly between 1980 and 1999 (before rehabilitation) and then described the subsequent environmental changes. The mapping exercise also documented different mangrove resources that are utilized by communities and identified key areas, such as harvesting zones, biodiversity hotspots, erosion zones, different fishing grounds, and newly rehabilitated areas. The maps reveal that integrating PRM and indigenous geo-referenced information can elicit past and contemporary information on (changes in) ecosystem service availability and use. The results show that by involving local communities from the beginning, the participatory ES mapping can facilitate social learning, provide the foundation for the creation of social capital, and equip the community with sufficient spatial information to improve local mangrove management. The participatory ES mapping approach presented in this paper can be used as a model to support local and regional decision-making processes and to enhance community-based mangrove management in other coastal regions in Indonesia and beyond.

中文翻译：

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参与式生态系统服务制图，以加强印度尼西亚代马克的社区红树林恢复和管理。

评估红树林生态系统服务（ES）对于理解和管理这些生态系统对当地社区的福祉至关重要。他们是主要受益者，但是他们的经验，知识和信息在ES评估和制图中经常被忽略。在这项研究中，采用参与性资源映射（PRM）方法，利用本地知识和经验来分析有关红树林生态系统服务的地理参考信息。当地社区从一开始就参与方法的选择，应用，评估和验证。2014年至2015年，在两个村庄（印度尼西亚中爪哇省的贝多诺和蒂姆布洛索科）进行了这种“包容性参与式ES测绘”。代表不同社区元素的参与者参与了测绘过程。他们首先绘制了大约1980年至1999年（恢复之前）村庄状况的历史地图，然后描述了随后的环境变化。测绘工作还记录了社区利用的不同红树林资源，并确定了关键地区，例如收获区，生物多样性热点，侵蚀区，不同的渔场和新近恢复的地区。这些地图表明，将PRM与本地地理参考信息相结合可以得出关于生态系统服务可用性和使用（变化）的过去和当代信息。结果表明，通过从一开始就让当地社区参与，参与式ES映射可以促进社会学习，为创建社会资本奠定基础，并为社区提供足够的空间信息，以改善当地的红树林管理。本文介绍的参与式ES测绘方法可以用作支持本地和区域决策过程以及增强印度尼西亚及其他地区其他沿海地区基于社区的红树林管理的模型。