Dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscopy is a high-resolution optical imaging modality that utilizes simple low-numerical-aperture (NA) beams to achieve effective optical sectioning and superior image contrast in biological tissues. In addition to providing enhanced imaging performance, the DAC architecture provides certain advantages for miniaturization, facilitating the development of endoscopic, and handheld systems for in vivo imaging. This article reviews the principles of DAC microscopy, highlighting the differences between DAC microscopy and conventional confocal microscopy. Several technical variations of DAC microscopy will be surveyed, as well as clinical DAC microscopy prototypes that have been developed as noninvasive real-time alternatives to conventional biopsy and histopathology.

中文翻译：

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用于床旁病理学的双轴共聚焦显微镜

双轴共焦 (DAC) 显微镜是一种高分辨率光学成像方式，它利用简单的低数值孔径 (NA) 光束在生物组织中实现有效的光学切片和卓越的图像对比度。除了提供增强的成像性能外，DAC 架构还为小型化提供了某些优势，促进了用于体内成像的内窥镜和手持系统的开发。本文回顾了 DAC 显微镜的原理，重点介绍了 DAC 显微镜与传统共聚焦显微镜之间的差异。将调查 DAC 显微镜的几种技术变化，以及作为常规活检和组织病理学的非侵入性实时替代品开发的临床 DAC 显微镜原型。