Substrate gleaning is a foraging strategy in which bats use a mixture of echolocation, prey-generated sounds, and vision to localize and hunt surface-dwelling prey. Many substrate-gleaning species depend primarily on prey-generated noise to hunt. Use of echolocation is limited to general orientation and obstacle avoidance. This foraging strategy involves a different set of selective pressures on morphology, behavior, and auditory system organization of bats compared to the use of echolocation for both hunting and navigation. Gleaning likely evolved to hunt in cluttered environments and/or as a counterstrategy to reduce detection by eared prey. Gleaning bats simultaneously receive streams of echoes from obstacles and prey-generated noise, and have to segregate these acoustic streams to attend to one or both. Not only do these bats have to be exquisitely sensitive to the soft, low frequency sounds produced by walking/rustling prey, they also have to precisely localize these sounds. Gleaners typically use low intensity echolocation calls. Such stealth echolocation requires a nervous system that is attuned to low intensity sound processing. In addition, landing on the ground to hunt may bring gleaners in close proximity to venomous prey. In fact, at least 2 gleaning bat species are known to hunt highly venomous scorpions. While a number of studies have addressed adaptations for echolocation in bats that hunt in the air, very little is known about the morphological, behavioral, and neural specializations for gleaning in bats. This review highlights the novel insights gleaning bats provide into bat evolution, particularly auditory pathway organization and ion channel structure/function relationships. Gleaning bats are found in multiple families, suggesting convergent evolution of specializations for gleaning as a foraging strategy. However, most of this review is based on recent work on a single species - the pallid bat (Antrozous palli dus) - symptomatic of the fact that more comparative work is needed to identify the mechanisms that facilitate gleaning behavior.

中文翻译：

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蝙蝠基质收集的适应性研究：以Pallid蝙蝠为例。

底物收集是一种觅食策略，在这种策略中，蝙蝠使用回声定位，猎物产生的声音和视觉的混合物来定位和寻找栖居于地面的猎物。许多底物采集物种主要依靠猎物产生的噪声进行狩猎。回声定位的使用仅限于一般方向和避障。与使用回声定位进行狩猎和导航相比，这种觅食策略在蝙蝠的形态，行为和听觉系统组织上涉及不同的选择压力。收集工作可能演变为在混乱的环境中狩猎和/或作为一种减少耳猎物侦查的对策。拾音蝙蝠同时接收来自障碍物和猎物产生的噪声的回声流，并且必须将这些声流隔离以照顾其中一个或两个。这些蝙蝠不仅必须对行走/沙沙作响的猎物发出的柔和低频声音非常敏感，而且还必须精确定位这些声音。拾音器通常使用低强度回声定位调用。这种隐身回声定位需要调整到低强度声音处理的神经系统。此外，降落在地面上打猎可能会使拾穗者靠近有毒的猎物。实际上，已知至少有2种采集蝙蝠会猎杀剧毒的蝎子。尽管许多研究都针对在空中狩猎的蝙蝠对回声定位的适应性进行了研究，但对于蝙蝠采集的形态，行为和神经专长知之甚少。这篇评论重点介绍了蝙蝠对蝙蝠进化的新颖见解，特别是听觉通道的组织和离子通道的结构/功能关系。拾穗蝙蝠存在于多个家族中，表明拾穗作为觅食策略的专业化趋向融合。但是，本综述的大部分内容基于最近对单一物种-苍白蝙蝠（Antrozous palli dus）的研究，这一事实表明需要更多的比较工作来确定促进拾种行为的机制。