Nutrient-sensing mechanisms have emerged as the fringe articulating nutritional needs with dietary choices. Carbohydrate, amino acid, fatty acid, mineral, and water-sensing receptors are highly conserved across mammals and birds, consisting of a repertoire of 22 genes known to date. In contrast, bitter receptors are highly divergent and have a high incidence of polymorphisms within and between mammals and birds and are involved in the adaptation of species to specific environments. In addition, the expression of nutrient-sensing genes outside the oral cavity seems to mediate the required decision-making dialogue between the gut and the brain by translating exogenous chemical stimuli into neuronal inputs, and vice versa, to translate the endogenous signals relevant to the nutritional status into specific appetites and the control of feed intake. The relevance of these sensors in nondigestive systems has uncovered fascinating potential as pharmacological targets relevant to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

中文翻译：

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哺乳动物和鸟类的营养敏感生物学。

随着食物的营养选择与营养需求的形成，营养感应机制已经出现。碳水化合物，氨基酸，脂肪酸，矿物质和水敏感受体在哺乳动物和鸟类中高度保守，由迄今已知的22个基因组成。相反，苦味受体差异很大，并且在哺乳动物和鸟类之间以及它们之间存在多态性，并且参与物种对特定环境的适应。此外，通过将外源性化学刺激转化为神经元输入，口腔外营养表达基因的表达似乎可以介导肠道与大脑之间的决策对话，反之亦然，从而将与内源性信号相关的内源信号转化为内源性信号。营养状况转化为特定的食欲和控制采食量。