Fertility is a convenient but meaningless term unless the outcome measure is stipulated and accounts for dependence of male fertility on the female population. We describe outcome measures and detail the impacts of the physiological status of each female and her external environment, as well as management imposed by humans. We explain the dominant role of the female reproductive tract as a series of hurdles for sperm seeking an ovum. Each spermatozoon in an ejaculate is unique, although usually most are morphologically similar. Semen seemingly contains three subpopulations of sperm, based on fate within a female and role in hampering the success of the ultimate winning spermatozoon; we define these subpopulations. The numerical size of each subpopulation placed into a female determines the shape of the dose-response curve leading to possible live young. Heterospermic artificial insemination provides far greater sensitivity to detect differences, partly because the female environment is identical for each comparison.

中文翻译：

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测量生育力或精液治疗效果的男女差异。

生育率是一个方便但无意义的术语，除非规定了结果指标并说明了男性生育率对女性人口的依赖性。我们描述了结果指标，并详细说明了每位女性的生理状况及其外部环境以及人类施加的管理的影响。我们解释了女性生殖道的主导作用，这是精子寻求卵子的一系列障碍。射精中的每个精子都是唯一的，尽管通常大多数在形态上相似。精液看似包含三个亚群的精子，其基础是雌性的命运，在阻碍最终获胜的精子成功方面起着作用。我们定义这些亚群。放置在雌性中的每个亚群的数值大小决定了导致可能活着的年轻的剂量反应曲线的形状。精子人工授精可提供更高的灵敏度来检测差异，部分原因是每次比较的雌性环境都相同。