The ribosome is the cell's factory for protein synthesis. With protein synthesis rates of up to 20 amino acids per second and at an accuracy of 99.99%, the extraordinary catalytic capacity of the bacterial translation machinery has attracted extensive efforts to engineer, reconstruct, and repurpose it for biochemical studies and novel functions. Despite these efforts, the potential for harnessing the translation apparatus to manufacture bio-based products beyond natural limits remains underexploited, and fundamental constraints on the chemistry that the ribosome's RNA-based active site can carry out are unknown. This review aims to cover the past and present advances in ribosome design and engineering to understand the fundamental biology of the ribosome to facilitate the construction of synthetic manufacturing machines. The prospects for the development of engineered, or designer, ribosomes for novel polymer synthesis are reviewed, future challenges are considered, and promising advances in a variety of applications are discussed.

中文翻译：

---

专为基础科学和合成生物学设计的核糖体。

核糖体是细胞中用于蛋白质合成的工厂。细菌合成机器的蛋白质合成速率高达每秒20个氨基酸，准确度为99.99％，其非凡的催化能力吸引了广泛的努力来对其进行工程设计，重建和重新利用，以用于生化研究和新功能。尽管做出了这些努力，利用翻译设备生产超出自然限制的生物基产品的潜力仍未得到开发，并且对核糖体基于RNA的活性位点可以进行的化学反应的基本限制尚不清楚。这篇综述旨在涵盖核糖体设计和工程的过去和现在的进展，以了解核糖体的基本生物学特性，以促进合成制造机器的构建。