Language seemingly evolved from changes in brain anatomy and wiring. We argue that language evolution can be better understood if particular changes in phasal and cross-frequency coupling properties of neural oscillations, resulting in core features of language, are considered. Because we cannot track the oscillatory activity of the brain from extinct hominins, we used our current understanding of the language oscillogenome (that is, the set of genes responsible for basic aspects of the oscillatory activity relevant for language) to infer some properties of the Neanderthal oscillome. We have found that several candidates for the language oscillogenome show differences in their methylation patterns between Neanderthals and humans. We argue that differences in their expression levels could be informative of differences in cognitive functions important for language.

中文翻译：

---

古振荡学：从神经振荡的基因调控中推断出尼安德特人语言能力的各个方面。

语言似乎是从大脑解剖结构和连线的变化演变而来的。我们认为，如果考虑神经振荡的相位和跨频耦合特性的特定变化（导致语言的核心特征），可以更好地理解语言进化。因为我们无法从已灭绝的人类激素中追踪大脑的振荡活动，所以我们使用对语言示波基因组（即负责与语言有关的振荡活动的基本方面的基因集）的当前理解来推断尼安德特人的某些特性。示波器。我们发现，数种示波基因组候选者在尼安德特人和人类之间显示出甲基化模式的差异。