Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, although 200 years have now passed since the primary clinical description of PD by James Parkinson, the etiology and mechanisms of neuronal loss in this disease are still not fully understood. In addition to genetic and environmental factors, activation of immunologic responses seems to have a crucial role in PD pathology. Intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn), as the main pathological hallmark of PD, potentially mediates initiation of the autoimmune and inflammatory events through, possibly, auto-reactive T cells. While current therapeutic regimens are mainly used to symptomatically suppress PD signs, application of the disease-modifying therapies including immunomodulatory strategies may slow down the progressive neurodegeneration process of PD. The aim of this review is to summarize knowledge regarding previous studies on the relationships between autoimmune reactions and PD pathology as well as to discuss current opportunities for immunomodulatory therapy.

中文翻译：

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免疫系统和帕金森病研究和治疗的新途径

帕金森病 (PD) 是一种进行性神经系统疾病，其特征是黑质中的多巴胺能神经元退化。然而，尽管距离詹姆斯帕金森对 PD 的主要临床描述已经过去了 200 年，但这种疾病中神经元丢失的病因和机制仍未完全了解。除了遗传和环境因素外，免疫反应的激活似乎在 PD 病理学中起着至关重要的作用。α-突触核蛋白 (α-Syn) 的神经元内积累是 PD 的主要病理标志，可能通过自身反应性 T 细胞介导自身免疫和炎症事件的发生。虽然目前的治疗方案主要用于对症抑制 PD 体征，包括免疫调节策略在内的疾病缓解疗法的应用可能会减缓 PD 的进行性神经退行性变过程。本综述的目的是总结以往关于自身免疫反应与 PD 病理学之间关系的研究的知识，并讨论当前免疫调节治疗的机会。