Ginkgo biloba seeds and leaves have been used as a traditional herbal remedy for thousands of years, and its leaf extract has been consumed as a botanical dietary supplement for decades. Ginkgo biloba extract is a complex mixture with numerous components, including flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones, and is one of the most widely sold botanical dietary supplements worldwide. Concerns about potential health risks for the general population have been raised because of the widespread human exposure to Ginkgo biloba and its potential toxic and carcinogenic activities in rodents. The National Toxicology Program conducted 2-year gavage studies on one Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and concluded that there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of this extract in mice based on an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. Recently, Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has been classified as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This review presents updated information on the toxicological effects from experimental studies both in vitro and in vivo to human case reports (caused by ginkgo seeds or leaves), and also summarizes the negative results from relatively large clinical trials.

中文翻译：

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从实验研究到人类病例报告，综述银杏叶诱导的毒性。

银杏种子和叶子作为传统草药已使用了数千年，其叶提取物已被用作植物性膳食补充剂已有数十年的历史。银杏叶提取物是具有许多成分的复杂混合物，其中包括黄酮醇苷和萜烯内酯，并且是全球销售最广泛的植物性膳食补充剂之一。由于人类广泛接触银杏叶及其在啮齿动物中的潜在毒性和致癌活性，人们对普通民众的潜在健康风险提出了担忧。美国国家毒理学计划对一种银杏叶提取物进行了为期两年的管饲研究，得出的结论是，由于肝细胞癌和肝母细胞瘤的发病率增加，这种提取物对小鼠具有致癌活性。最近，国际癌症研究机构已将银杏叶提取物归类为可能的人类致癌物（第2B组）。这篇综述提供了从体内外实验研究到人类病例报告（由银杏种子或叶子引起）的毒理学效应的最新信息，并总结了相对较大的临床试验的负面结果。