Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein present in various secretions (e.g., milk, tears, saliva, pancreatic juice), which performs multiple functions, with one of them being the antimicrobial defense. Purified camel lactoferrins (cLfs) from different Saudi camel clans, as well as human and bovine lactoferrins (hLf or bLf) were tested as antimicrobial agents against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). All cLfs showed superior antibacterial potentials relative to hLf or bLf, while there was no noticeable difference in the antimicrobial capabilities between the cLfs from different camel clans. We observed synergy between the inhibitory activities of Lfs and antibiotics against bacterial growth. Expression of numerous bacterial proteins was affected by the treatment with Lf and its combinations, giving insight into the molecular mechanisms of the Lf action. Furthermore, several bacterial proteins were shown to interact with cLf-biotin. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of obvious extracellular and intracellular changes after S. Typhi treatment by antibiotic (carbenicillin) or cLf alone, and in combination. The effects of antibiotics and Lf were synergistic, supporting the potential of the use of Lf-antibiotic combinations.

中文翻译：

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骆驼乳铁蛋白对肠沙门氏菌血清型伤寒的抑菌和杀菌活性。

乳铁蛋白是存在于各种分泌物中（例如牛奶，眼泪，唾液，胰液）的铁结合糖蛋白，具有多种功能，其中之一是抗菌防御。测试了来自不同沙特骆驼氏族的纯化骆驼乳铁蛋白（cLfs）以及人和牛乳铁蛋白（hLf或bLf）作为抗肠炎沙门氏菌伤寒沙门氏菌（S. Typhi）的抗菌剂）。相对于hLf或bLf，所有cLfs均显示出优越的抗菌潜能，而来自不同骆驼氏族的cLfs之间的抗菌能力没有显着差异。我们观察到Lfs和抗生素对细菌生长的抑制活性之间的协同作用。Lf及其组合的处理会影响许多细菌蛋白的表达，从而深入了解Lf作用的分子机制。此外，显示出几种细菌蛋白与cLf-生物素相互作用。扫描和透射电子显微镜显示伤寒沙门氏菌存在明显的细胞外和细胞内变化单独使用抗生素（carbenicillin）或联合用cLf治疗。抗生素和Lf的作用具有协同作用，支持使用Lf-抗生素组合的潜力。