Psychedelics (serotonergic hallucinogens) are powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and mood and affect numerous cognitive processes. They are generally considered physiologically safe and do not lead to dependence or addiction. Their origin predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in many sociocultural and ritual contexts. After the virtually contemporaneous discovery of (5R,8R)-(+)-lysergic acid-N,N-diethylamide (LSD)-25 and the identification of serotonin in the brain, early research focused intensively on the possibility that LSD and other psychedelics had a serotonergic basis for their action. Today there is a consensus that psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors, with particular importance on those expressed on apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells in layer V. Several useful rodent models have been developed over the years to help unravel the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor activation in the brain, and a variety of imaging techniques have been employed to identify key brain areas that are directly affected by psychedelics. Recent and exciting developments in the field have occurred in clinical research, where several double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in patients with cancer-related psychosocial distress have demonstrated unprecedented positive relief of anxiety and depression. Two small pilot studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy also have shown positive benefit in treating both alcohol and nicotine addiction. Recently, blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography have been employed for in vivo brain imaging in humans after administration of a psychedelic, and results indicate that intravenously administered psilocybin and LSD produce decreases in oscillatory power in areas of the brain's default mode network.

中文翻译：

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迷幻药。

致幻剂（血清素致幻剂）是强大的精神活性物质，可以改变感知和情绪并影响许多认知过程。它们通常被认为在生理上是安全的，不会导致依赖性或成瘾。它们的起源早于有文字记载的历史，并且在许多社会文化和仪式背景下被早期文化所采用。在几乎同时发现 (5R,8R)-(+)-麦角酸-N,N-二乙酰胺 (LSD)-25 和大脑中血清素的鉴定之后，早期研究集中于 LSD 和其他致幻剂的可能性他们的行动有血清素基础。如今，人们一致认为致幻剂是大脑血清素 5-羟色胺 2A 受体的激动剂或部分激动剂，特别是对第五层新皮质锥体细胞顶端树突上表达的受体特别重要。多年来，已经开发了几种有用的啮齿动物模型来帮助揭示大脑中血清素 5-羟色胺 2A 受体激活的神经化学相关性，并采用各种成像技术来识别直接受致幻剂影响的关键大脑区域。该领域最近在临床研究中取得了令人兴奋的进展，其中几项针对癌症相关心理困扰患者的裸盖菇素辅助心理治疗的双盲安慰剂对照 2 期研究表明，焦虑和抑郁得到了前所未有的积极缓解。裸盖菇素辅助心理治疗的两项小型试点研究也显示出对治疗酒精和尼古丁成瘾的积极益处。最近，血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像和脑磁图已被用于人体服用致幻剂后的体内脑成像，结果表明静脉注射裸盖菇素和LSD会导致大脑默认模式区域的振荡功率降低网络。