In this study, we estimate rice residue, associated burning emissions, and compare results with existing emissions inventories employing a bottom-up approach. We first estimated field-level post-harvest rice residues, including separate fuel-loading factors for rice straw and rice stubble. Results suggested fuel-loading factors of 0.27 kg m−2 (±0.033), 0.61 kg m−2 (±0.076), and 0.88 kg m−2 (±0.083) for rice straw, stubble, and total post-harvest biomass, respectively. Using these factors, we quantified potential emissions from rice residue burning and compared our estimates with other studies. Our results suggest total rice residue burning emissions as 2.24 Gg PM2.5, 36.54 Gg CO and 567.79 Gg CO2 for Hanoi Province, which are significantly higher than earlier studies. We attribute our higher emission estimates to improved fuel-loading factors; moreover, we infer that some earlier studies relying on residue-to-product ratios could be underestimating rice residue emissions by more than a factor of 2.3 for Hanoi, Vietnam. Using the rice planted area data from the Vietnamese government, and combining our fuel-loading factors, we also estimated rice residue PM2.5 emissions for the entirety of Vietnam and compared these estimates with an existing all-sources emissions inventory, and the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED). Results suggest 75.98 Gg of PM2.5 released from rice residue burning accounting for 12.8% of total emissions for Vietnam. The GFED database suggests 42.56 Gg PM2.5 from biomass burning with 5.62 Gg attributed to agricultural waste burning indicating satellite-based methods may be significantly underestimating emissions. Our results not only provide improved residue and emission estimates, but also highlight the need for emissions mitigation from rice residue burning.

中文翻译：

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卫星可能低估了越南的大米残留物和相关的燃烧排放

在这项研究中，我们估算了大米残留物、相关的燃烧排放，并将结果与​​采用自下而上的方法的现有排放清单进行比较。我们首先估算了田间收获后稻谷残留物，包括稻草和稻茬的单独燃料负荷因子。结果表明，稻草、残茬和收获后总生物量的燃料负荷系数为 0.27 kg m-2 (±0.033)、0.61 kg m-2 (±0.076) 和 0.88 kg m-2 (±0.083)，分别。使用这些因素，我们量化了大米残渣燃烧的潜在排放，并将我们的估计与其他研究进行了比较。我们的研究结果表明，河内省的大米残渣燃烧排放总量为 2.24 Gg PM2.5、36.54 Gg CO 和 567.79 Gg CO2，显着高于早期研究。我们将较高的排放估算归因于燃料负荷系数的改善；此外，我们推断，一些早期依赖于残留物与产品比率的研究可能低估了越南河内大米残留物排放量的 2.3 倍以上。使用越南政府提供的水稻种植面积数据，并结合我们的燃料负荷因素，我们还估算了整个越南的水稻残留 PM2.5 排放量，并将这些估算值与现有的全源排放清单和全球火灾进行了比较。排放数据库（GFED）。结果表明，75.98 Gg 的 PM2.5 来自米糠燃烧释放，占越南总排放量的 12.8%。GFED 数据库显示 42.56 Gg PM2.5 来自生物质燃烧，5.62 Gg 归因于农业废物燃烧，表明基于卫星的方法可能大大低估了排放量。