Graphene, a single-atom-thick carbon nanosheet, has attracted great interest as a promising nanomaterial for a variety of bioapplications because of its extraordinary properties. However, the potential for widespread human exposure raises safety concerns about graphene and its derivatives, referred to as graphene-family nanomaterials. This review summarizes recent findings on the toxicological effects and the potential toxicity mechanisms of graphene-family nanomaterials in bacteria, mammalian cells, and animal models. Graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide elicit toxic effects both in vitro and in vivo, whereas surface modifications can significantly reduce their toxic interactions with living systems. Standardization of terminology and the fabrication methods of graphene-family nanomaterials are warranted for further investigations designed to decrease their adverse effects and explore their biomedical applications.

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评估石墨烯家族纳米材料的潜在毒性

石墨烯是一种单原子厚的碳纳米片，由于其非凡的特性，作为一种用于各种生物应用的有前途的纳米材料，引起了人们的极大兴趣。然而，人类广泛暴露的可能性引发了对石墨烯及其衍生物（称为石墨烯家族纳米材料）的安全担忧。本综述总结了石墨烯家族纳米材料在细菌、哺乳动物细胞和动物模型中的毒理学作用和潜在毒性机制的最新发现。石墨烯、氧化石墨烯和还原氧化石墨烯在体外和体内都会引起毒性作用，而表面修饰可以显着减少它们与生命系统的毒性相互作用。