Multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria have been increasingly reported in humans, companion animals and farm animals. The growing trend of plasmid-mediated resistance to antimicrobial classes of critical importance is attributed to the emergence of epidemic plasmids, rapidly disseminating resistance genes among the members of Enterobacteriaceae family. The use of antibiotics to treat humans and animals has had a significant impact on the environment and on wild animals living and feeding in human-influenced habitats. Wildlife can acquire MDR bacteria selected in hospitals, community or livestock from diverse sources, including wastewater, sewage systems, landfills, farm facilities or agriculture fields. Therefore, wild animals are considered indicators of environmental pollution by antibiotic resistant bacteria, but they can also act as reservoirs and vectors spreading antibiotic resistance across the globe. The level of resistance and reported plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms observed in bacteria of wildlife origin seem to correlate well with the situation described in humans and domestic animals. Additionaly, the identification of epidemic plasmids in samples from different human, animal and wildlife sources underlines the role of horizontal gene transfer in the dissemination of resistance genes. The present review focuses on reports of plasmid-mediated resistance to critically important antimicrobial classes such as broad-spectrum beta-lactams and colistin in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from samples of wildlife origin. The role of plasmids in the dissemination of ESBL-, AmpC- and carbapenemase-encoding genes as well as plasmid-mediated colistin resistance determinants in wildlife are discussed, and their similarities to plasmids previously identified in samples of human clinical or livestock origin are highlighted. Furthermore, we present features of completely sequenced plasmids reported from wildlife Enterobacteriaceae isolates, with special focus on genes that could be associated with the plasticity and stable maintenance of these molecules in antibiotic-free environments.

中文翻译：

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质粒介导的抗性正在变得疯狂。

多重耐药性（MDR）革兰氏阴性细菌在人类，伴侣动物和农场动物中的报道越来越多。质粒介导的对至关重要的抗菌剂类耐药性的增长趋势归因于流行性质粒的出现，这些质粒在肠杆菌科成员中迅速传播了抗性基因。使用抗生素治疗人类和动物对环境以及在受人类影响的栖息地中生活和觅食的野生动物具有重大影响。野生动物可以从医院，社区或牲畜中从多种来源（包括废水，污水处理系统，垃圾填埋场，农业设施或农业领域）中获取耐多药细菌。因此，野生动物被视为抗药性细菌对环境造成污染的指标，但是它们也可以充当向全球传播抗生素抗药性的蓄水池和媒介。在野生动植物来源的细菌中观察到的抗性水平和所报道的质粒介导的抗性机制似乎与人类和家畜中描述的情况密切相关。另外，对来自不同人类，动物和野生动植物来源的样品中流行病质粒的鉴定强调了水平基因转移在抗性基因传播中的作用。本综述着重于质粒介导的对来自野生生物来源样品的肠杆菌科细菌中至关重要的抗微生物种类（如广谱β-内酰胺和粘菌素）的抗性报道。质粒在ESBL-传播中的作用 讨论了AmpC和碳青霉烯酶编码基因以及质粒介导的大肠菌素抗性决定簇，并突出了它们与先前在人类临床或家畜起源的样品中鉴定的质粒的相似性。此外，我们介绍了从野生菌肠杆菌科分离株报告的完全测序质粒的特征，特别关注可能与这些分子在无抗生素环境中可塑性和稳定维持有关的基因。