The discovery of new biomarkers associated with cancer, neurological and cardiovascular diseases is necessary, since these are common, recurrent diseases considered as leading causes of death in the human population. Molecular signatures of these disorders that can be identified at the outset of their pathogenesis leading to prompt and targeted treatment may increase patient survival. Cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be expressed differently among individuals; in addition, treatments may have a differentiated approach according to the type of malignant neoplasm. Thus, these neoplastic cells can synthesize and release specific molecules depending on the site where carcinogenesis begins. Moreover, life expectancy is increasing especially in developed countries, however, cases of neurodegenerative diseases have grown in the older members of the population. Commonly, some neurological disorders, which can occur physiologically by the process of senescence, are confused with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In addition, cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in the world; studies capable of identifying, through molecular probes, the beginning of development of an atherosclerotic process can lead to early treatment to avoid an acute myocardial infarction. Accuracy in the detection of these biomarkers can be obtained through biosensors whose design has been increasingly studied to elaborate inexpensive sensory platforms capable of precise detection, even at low concentrations, of the molecule to be measured. The aim of this review is to address biomarkers to be used in diagnoses instead of invasive exams; biosensors for the specific and sensitive detection of these biological markers are also investigated.

必须发现与癌症，神经系统疾病和心血管疾病有关的新生物标志物，因为这些常见的复发性疾病被认为是人类死亡的主要原因。这些疾病的分子特征可以在其发病机理的一开始就被鉴定出来，从而导致迅速而有针对性的治疗可以增加患者的生存率。癌症是一种异质性疾病，在个体中表达可能不同。此外，根据恶性肿瘤的类型，治疗方法可能有所不同。因此，这些肿瘤细胞可以根据癌变开始的部位合成并释放特定分子。此外，预期寿命正在增加，尤其是在发达国家，老年人群中神经退行性疾病的病例增多。通常，一些可能在衰老过程中生理发生的神经系统疾病会与阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）混淆。另外，心血管疾病是世界上主要的死亡原因。能够通过分子探针识别动脉粥样硬化过程开始发展的研究可以导致早期治疗，以避免急性心肌梗塞。这些生物标记物的检测准确度可以通过生物传感器获得，其设计已得到越来越多的研究，以开发出廉价的传感平台，即使在低浓度下也能精确检测待测分子。这篇综述的目的是解决用于诊断而不是侵入性检查的生物标志物；