Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) infestation by Opisina arenosella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) in the Indian subcontinent may occur in November to May each year in the same or adjoining areas of plantations. Parasitoids of O. arenosella may also be consistently present at these times. During other periods, pests and/or parasitoids could be maintained on intercrops that are commonly grown throughout the year. Field surveys of 54 intercrop species in Kerala, India, found that O. arenosella attacks banana, but not others, while laboratory screening showed that O. arenosella can mature on jack fruit, cashew and oil palm. Larvae of 20 lepidopteran species found on intercrops were screened for use by Goniozus nephantidis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a larval parasitoid of O. arenosella, which oviposited on two species but its offspring failed to mature. Thirteen intercrop herbivore species were screened for use by Brachymeria nosatoi (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a pupal parasitoid of O. arenosella, which completed development on the pyralids Herculia nigrivita, Syllepte derogata and Psara basalis. Further, connectance trophic webs were compiled using prior field records of coconut, 33 species of intercrops, 58 species of lepidopteran herbivores and 29 species of primary parasitoids. Both laboratory and literature evidence suggests that populations of O. arenosella are unlikely to be maintained by feeding on intercrops or strongly influenced by direct competition with other lepidopterans but are likely to be affected by sharing parasitoids. Intercrop herbivores have clear potential for maintaining parasitoids of O. arenosella, and we recommend thirteen plant species as intercrops that should aid in conservation biocontrol.

中文翻译：

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间作对椰子落叶树Opisina arenosella的直接和间接影响。

印度次大陆的Opisina arenosella（鳞翅目：Oecophoridae ）侵染的椰子树（Cocos nucifera）可能于每年的11月至5月在相同或相邻的人工林地区发生。在这些时候，槟榔O.的寄生虫也可能持续存在。在其他时期，害虫和/或寄生虫可能会在全年普遍生长的间作作物上维持。在印度喀拉拉邦对54种间作物种进行的实地调查发现，槟榔O.esnosella侵袭香蕉，但没有侵袭香蕉，而实验室筛查显示，槟榔O.esnosella可以在菠萝蜜，腰果和油棕上成熟。筛选出在间作中发现的20种鳞翅类的幼虫供Goniozus nephantidis（膜翅目：肿腿蜂）的幼虫寄生O. arenosella，其产卵两个物种，但它的后代没有成熟。筛选了13种间作草食动物物种，以供No.atonosella p的拟寄生物Brachymeria nosatoi（膜翅目：Chalcididae）使用，它们在拟南芥（Herculia nigrivita），Syllepte derogata和Psara basalis上完成了发育。此外，使用椰子，33种间作植物，58种鳞翅类食草动物和29种主要寄生虫的先验记录，建立了连通营养网。实验室和文献证据均表明，食虫虫不太可能通过间作饲料来维持或受与其他鳞翅目动物的直接竞争的强烈影响，但很可能会受到寄生寄生虫的影响。间作草食动物具有明显的潜力来维持槟榔O.aresellas的寄生虫，我们建议使用13种植物作为间作植物，以帮助进行生物防治。