The current study investigated the roles of grammaticality and executive control on bilingual language selection by examining production speed and failures of language control, or intrusion errors (e.g., saying el instead of the), in young and aging bilinguals. Production of mixed-language connected speech was elicited by asking Spanish-English bilinguals to read aloud paragraphs that had mostly grammatical (conforming to naturally occurring constraints) or mostly ungrammatical (haphazard mixing) language switches, and low or high switching rate. Mixed-language speech was slower and less accurate when switch-rate was high, but especially (for speed) or only (for intrusion errors) if switches were also ungrammatical. Executive function ability (measured with a variety of tasks in young bilinguals in Experiment 1, and aging bilinguals in Experiment 2), slowed production and increased intrusion rate in a generalized fashion, but with little or no interaction with grammaticality. Aging effects appeared to reflect reduced monitoring ability (evidenced by a lower rate of self-corrected intrusions). These results demonstrate robust effects of grammatical encoding on language selection, and imply that executive control influences bilingual language production only after sentence planning and lexical selection.

中文翻译：

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语言切换的语法限制：语言控制不仅仅是执行控制


目前的研究通过检查年轻和年老双语者的生产速度和语言控制失败或侵入错误（例如，说 el 而不是 the），调查了语法和执行控制对双语语言选择的作用。混合语言连接语音的产生是通过要求西班牙语-英语双语者大声朗读大部分符合语法（符合自然发生的限制）或大部分不符合语法（随意混合）语言转换以及低或高转换率的段落来引发的。当切换率较高时，混合语言语音速度较慢且不太准确，但如果切换也不符合语法，则尤其如此（对于速度）或仅（对于入侵错误）。执行功能能力（在实验 1 中通过对年轻双语者的各种任务进行测量，在实验 2 中通过老年双语者的各种任务进行测量），以普遍的方式减慢了生产速度并增加了侵入率，但与语法的相互作用很少或没有。老化效应似乎反映了监控能力的下降（自我纠正入侵率较低就证明了这一点）。这些结果证明了语法编码对语言选择的强大影响，并意味着执行控制仅在句子规划和词汇选择之后才影响双语语言的产生。