Air quality is heavily influenced by weather conditions. In this study, we assessed the impact of long-term weather changes on air quality and health in the US during 1994–2012. We quantified past weather-related increases, or ‘weather penalty’, in ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and thereafter estimated the associated excess deaths. Using statistical regression methods, we derived the weather penalty as the additional increases in air pollution relative to trends assuming constant weather conditions (i.e., weather-adjusted trends). During our study period, temperature increased and wind speed decreased in most US regions. Nationally, weather-related 8 h max O3 increases were 0.18 ppb per year (95% CI: 0.06, 0.31) in the warm season (May–October) and 0.07 ppb per year (95% CI: 0.02, 0.13) in the cold season (November–April). The weather penalties on O3 were relatively larger than PM2.5 weather penalties, which were 0.056 µg m−3 per year (95% CI: 0.016, 0.096) in warm months and 0.027 µg m−3 per year (95% CI: 0.010, 0.043) in cold months. Weather penalties on O3 and PM2.5 were associated with 290 (95% CI: 80, 510) and 770 (95% CI: 190, 1350) excess annual deaths, respectively. Over a 19-year period, this amounts to 20 300 excess deaths (5600 from O3, 14 700 from PM2.5) attributable to the weather penalty on air quality

中文翻译：

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1994-2012年美国天气变化对空气质量和健康的影响

空气质量受天气条件的影响很大。在这项研究中，我们评估了 1994-2012 年美国长期天气变化对空气质量和健康的影响。我们量化了臭氧 (O3) 和细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 过去与天气相关的增加或“天气损失”，然后估计了相关的超额死亡人数。使用统计回归方法，我们得出了天气惩罚，因为相对于假设天气条件恒定的趋势（即天气调整趋势），空气污染的额外增加。在我们的研究期间，美国大部分地区的温度升高，风速降低。在全国范围内，与天气相关的 8 小时最大 O3 在暖季（5 月至 10 月）每年增加 0.18 ppb（95% CI：0.06、0.31），在寒冷季节增加 0.07 ppb（95% CI：0.02、0.13）季节（11 月至 4 月）。O3 的天气损失相对大于 PM2.5 天气损失，温暖月份每年 0.056 µg m-3（95% CI：0.016, 0.096）和每年 0.027 µg m-3（95% CI：0.010） , 0.043) 在寒冷的月份。对 O3 和 PM2.5 的天气惩罚分别与 290 (95% CI: 80, 510) 和 770 (95% CI: 190, 1350) 超额死亡人数相关。在 19 年的时间里，由于天气对空气质量的影响，这相当于 20300 人超额死亡（5600 人来自 O3，14700 人来自 PM2.5）