Biological pest control with mass-produced arthropod natural enemies is well developed in greenhouse crops and has often resulted in the evolution of complex ecosystems with persistent populations of multiple arthropod natural enemy species. However, there are cases where arthropod natural enemies are either not effective enough, not available, or their use is rather costly. For these reasons, biological control based on microorganisms, also referred to as ‘microbials’, represents a complementary strategy for further development. Although commercially available microbials have been around for quite some time, research on and the applied use of combinations of arthropod natural enemies and microbials have remained relatively under explored. Here, we review current uses of entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses, and their possible direct and indirect effects on arthropod natural enemies in European greenhouses. We discuss how microbials might be combined with arthropod natural enemies in the light of new methodologies and technologies such as conservation biological control, greenhouse climate management, and formulation and delivery. Furthermore, we explore the possibilities of using other microorganisms for biological control, such as endophytes, and the need to understand the effect of insect-associated microorganisms, or symbionts, on the success of biological control. Finally, we suggest future research directions to optimize the combined use of microbials and arthropod natural enemies in greenhouse production.

中文翻译：

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将微生物整合到温室作物害虫生物防治系统中的新机遇。


利用大量生产的节肢动物天敌进行生物害虫防治在温室作物中得到了很好的发展，并且常常导致复杂生态系统的进化，其中多种节肢动物天敌物种的种群持续存在。然而，在某些情况下，节肢动物的天敌要么不够有效、无法获得，要么使用成本相当昂贵。由于这些原因，基于微生物（也称为“微生物”）的生物防治代表了进一步发展的补充策略。尽管市售微生物已经存在相当长一段时间了，但对节肢动物天敌和微生物组合的研究和应用仍然相对不足。在这里，我们回顾了昆虫病原真菌、细菌和病毒的当前用途，以及它们对欧洲温室中节肢动物天敌可能产生的直接和间接影响。我们根据保护生物控制、温室气候管理以及配制和交付等新方法和技术，讨论微生物如何与节肢动物天敌结合。此外，我们探索使用其他微生物（例如内生菌）进行生物防治的可能性，以及了解昆虫相关微生物或共生体对生物防治成功的影响的必要性。最后，我们提出了未来的研究方向，以优化温室生产中微生物和节肢动物天敌的组合使用。