Concentrated growth factor, a novel autologous plasma extract, contained various growth factors which promoted tissue regeneration. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological effects of concentrated growth factor on human dental pulp stem cells. The microstructure and biocompatibility of concentrated growth factor scaffolds were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Cell proliferation and migration, odontoblastic and endothelial cell differentiation potential were assessed after exposing dental pulp stem cells to different concentrations (5%, 10%, 20%, 50%, or 80%) of concentrated growth factor extracts. The results revealed that concentrated growth factor scaffolds possessed porous fibrin network with platelets and leukocytes, and showed great biocompatibility with dental pulp stem cells. Higher cell proliferation rates were detected in the concentrated growth factor-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, in comparison to the controls, the low doses (<50%) of concentrated growth factor increased cell migration, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralized tissue deposition, while the cells treated in high doses (50% or 80%) showed no significant difference. After stimulating cell differentiation, the expression levels of dentin matrix protein-1, dentin sialophosphoprotein, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and cluster of differentiation 31 were significantly upregulated in concentrated growth factor-supplemented groups than those of the controls. Furthermore, the dental pulp stem cell-derived endothelial cells co-induced by 5% concentrated growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor formed the most amount of mature tube-like structures on Matrigel among all groups, but the high-dosage concentrated growth factor exhibited no or inhibitory effect on cell differentiation. In general, our findings confirmed that concentrated growth factor promoted cell proliferation, migration, and the dental pulp stem cell-mediated dentinogenesis and angiogenesis process, by which it might act as a growth factor-loaded scaffold to facilitate dentin-pulp complex healing.

中文翻译：

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浓缩生长因子对人牙髓干细胞体外增殖，迁移和分化的影响。

浓缩的生长因子是一种新型的自体血浆提取物，含有多种促进组织再生的生长因子。在这项研究中，我们旨在研究浓缩的生长因子对人牙髓干细胞的生物学作用。通过扫描电子显微镜评估浓缩的生长因子支架的微观结构和生物相容性。将牙髓干细胞暴露于不同浓度（5％，10％，20％，50％或80％）的浓缩生长因子提取物后，评估细胞的增殖和迁移，成牙质细胞和内皮细胞分化的潜力。结果表明，浓缩的生长因子支架具有多孔的纤维蛋白网络，具有血小板和白细胞，并且与牙髓干细胞具有良好的生物相容性。在浓缩生长因子治疗组中以剂量依赖的方式检测到较高的细胞增殖率。有趣的是，与对照相比，低剂量（<50％）的浓缩生长因子增加了细胞迁移，碱性磷酸酶活性和矿化的组织沉积，而高剂量（50％或80％）处理的细胞则没有显着影响区别。刺激细胞分化后，在浓缩生长因子补充组中，与对照组相比，牙本质基质蛋白-1，牙本质唾液磷蛋白，血管内皮生长因子受体2和分化簇31的表达水平显着上调。此外，在所有组中，由5％浓缩生长因子和血管内皮生长因子共同诱导的牙髓干细胞来源的内皮细胞在Matrigel上形成了最多数量的成熟管状结构，但高剂量浓缩生长因子未显示或对细胞分化的抑制作用。总的来说，我们的研究结果证实，浓缩的生长因子促进细胞增殖，迁移以及牙髓干细胞介导的牙本质生成和血管生成过程，通过它可以充当负载生长因子的支架，以促进牙本质浆复合体的愈合。