Neuromodulation was introduced for patients with poor outcomes from the existing traditional treatment approaches. It is well-established as an alternative, novel treatment option for voiding dysfunction. The current system of neuromodulation uses an open-loop system that only delivers continuous stimulation without considering the patient's state changes. Though the conventional open-loop system has shown positive clinical results, it can cause problems such as decreased efficacy over time due to neural habituation, higher risk of tissue damage, and lower battery life. Therefore, there is a need for a closed-loop system to overcome the disadvantages of existing systems. The closed-loop neuromodulation includes a system to monitor and stimulate micturition reflex pathways from the lower urinary tract, as well as the central nervous system. In this paper, we reviewed the current technological status to measure biomarker for closed-loop neuromodulation systems for voiding dysfunction.

中文翻译：

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检测膀胱生物标志物的闭环神经调节：技术综述。

对于现有传统治疗方法治疗效果差的患者，引入了神经调节。它是公认的排尿功能障碍替代疗法。当前的神经调节系统使用开环系统，该开环系统仅在不考虑患者状态变化的情况下提供连续刺激。尽管传统的开环系统已显示出积极的临床效果，但它可能会引起诸如神经适应性导致随时间推移功效降低，组织损伤的风险增加以及电池寿命降低等问题。因此，需要一种闭环系统来克服现有系统的缺点。闭环神经调节系统包括监测和刺激下泌尿道以及中枢神经系统排尿反射通路的系统。