The Eurasiatic Polistes nimpha belongs to primitively eusocial wasps for which no data are available on its population’s genetic structure and relatedness/relationships of individuals. The purpose of this research is to determine the amplification efficiency in P. nimpha of microsatellite primers developed for P. dominula and using these primers, to explore genetic diversity, population structure and relatedness/relationship of P. nimpha in the context of its reproductive options. Eight out of twelve microsatellite markers analyzed on 59 individuals (pupae and larvae) were polymorphic (mean PIC = 0.545) and mutated following the stepwise mutation model. The Bayesian clustering method gave the probability of >0.898 of there being 10 clusters within the pooled sample of 15 nests. In two or three nest clusters, full- and/or half-siblings and unrelated individuals occurred. A significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances was detected. There are three main possibilities that come into play to explain our genetic results and direct field observations: cooperative nest foundation, visitations, and/or usurpation events. So far there is no conclusive evidence to exclude or support any of these possibilities.

中文翻译：

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基于DNA微卫星标记的Polistes nimpha遗传多样性及种群结构

Eurasiatic Polistes nimpha 属于原始的真社会性黄蜂，没有关于其种群遗传结构和个体相关性/关系的数据。本研究的目的是确定为 P. dominula 开发的微卫星引物在 P. nimpha 中的扩增效率，并使用这些引物探索 P. nimpha 在其繁殖选择背景下的遗传多样性、种群结构和相关性/关系. 在 59 个个体（蛹和幼虫）上分析的 12 个微卫星标记中有 8 个是多态性的（平均 PIC = 0.545）并按照逐步突变模型发生突变。贝叶斯聚类方法给出的概率为 >0.898，在 15 个巢的合并样本中存在 10 个集群。在两个或三个巢群中，发生了全兄弟和/或半兄弟姐妹和无关的个人。检测到遗传距离和地理距离之间存在显着相关性。有三种主要可能性可以解释我们的遗传结果和直接实地观察：合作巢穴基础、访问和/或篡夺事件。到目前为止，还没有确凿的证据来排除或支持任何这些可能性。